Transcript Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Organisms and

Environmental Monitoring Methods
Chemical monitoring
Bioaccumulation
&
Biological effect monitoring
Biological effect,
Health & ecosystem
monitoring
SOURCES
INDICATORS OF EXPOSURE
INDICATORS OF EFFECTS
Concentrations in media
(external dose)
Bioaccumulation markers
Biomarkers of effects
Emission rates
Biomarkers of exposure
Environmental factors
modifying exposure
Injury
Population & Community
parameters
Environmental factors
modifying susceptibility
Other causes
Major Processes in Pollutant Impact
Uptake
Import by adsorptive
Endocytosis & Phagocytosis
Contaminant
Mixtures
UV & Visible
Radiation
Particulates
Uptake
Speciation,
Binding & Transport
Toxicity & Cell injury
Physicochemical Behavior,
Activation & Detoxication
Exposure Biomarkers
Trans-Membrane
Diffusion
UV & Visible
Radiation
Pathological Endpoints
Prognostic Biomarkers
Ecological Impact
Mortality, Reduced Fecundity
Increased Susceptibility
to Other Stresses & Loss of Diversity
Human Health Impact
Toxicity & Diseases
via food chain
Biological Effects & Ecological Relevance
SHORT TERM
Biological Complexity, Response
LONG TERM
Time & Biological Significance
Physical factors
&
Biological Agents
Pollutant Chemicals
&
Radionuclides
Molecular
&
Cellular
Tissue
EARLY BIOMARKER SIGNALS
Organs
Individual animal
LATER EFFECTS
Environmental Pollutants & Effects to Organisms
Lethal effects
Environmental Pollutants
Sublethal effects
Changes in enzyme activities
Damage to DNA, proteins
& membrane lipids
Effects on behavioral,
reproductive
& immunological activities
Mussels: Bioindicators for Aquatic Pollution
Freshwater Ecosystems
Sentinel Species
Bioindicators
Marine Ecosystems
Biomonitoring
Wide geographical distribution
Easy to collect
Filter-feeding organisms
Bioconcentrate xenobiotics
Easily transferred from control
to contaminated areas
Chemical Pollutants & Oxidative Stress
Organic & Inorganic
Pollutants
Polyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Organochlorine
& Organophoshate pesticides
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Aromatic diols
Quinones
Nitroaromatics
Aromatic hydroxylamines
Dioxins
Bipyridyls
Transition metal chelates
ROS
Redox
Potential
* ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species
Aquatic
Organisms
Molecular Biomarkers
Of
Oxidative Stress
Lipid Peroxidation
Enzyme Activities
DNA Damage
Protein Degradation
ROS & biochemical & physiological responses
in cells of aquatic organisms
Anthropogeni
c activities
Environmental
factors
Η2Ο
Η2Ο
Μn+
Metal
competition
Metal
transport
Metals
Ο2─
2
2
MT
Μn+
Solar
radiatio
n
ΗΟ
CA
T
SO
Changes in
Enzyme activities D
Salinity
Protein
damage
Proteins
Ions
diffusion
Metal
complexation
Oxidative DNA
damage
Ο2─
Organic
pollutants
PUFAs
Temperature
Lipid
Peroxidation
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
2O2 +
2H
SOD
SOD
H2O2 + O2
Catalase (CAT)
2H2O2
CAT
CAT
2H2O + O2
Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)
LH
R
Initiation
RH
LH
LOOH
Antioxidants
Inhibition
L
O2
Propagation
LOO
LOO
Oxidized
Antioxidants
NRP
Degradation of Lipid Peroxides
Termination
Aldehydes
and other products
LH: lipid substrate
L•: lipid radical
LOOH: lipid hydroperoxide
LOO•: lipid peroxyl radical
NRP: nonradical product
Biomarkers of
Oxidative stress
Oxidative Stress in Mussels from the Saronikos gulf (Greece)
PAHs
Metals
(Fe,Cd,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb)
3 polluted sites (1, 2, 3)
in the Saronikos gulf
Sampling
at 4 seasons
Reference site (4)
“Clean” marine farm
Biomarkers of
Oxidative Stress
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
Catalase (CAT) activity
Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) levels
Measurements of PAHs and Metal concentrations in mussel tissues
revealed elevated levels of chemical pollution at Sites 1 & 2
Representative chart for PAHs concentrations
in mussel tissues
Site 1
Bzp
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Dba
Dba
Per
Per
Bbf
Bbf
Baa
Baa
Pyr
Pyr
Ant
Ant
Ace
Ace
Ind
Ind
Bap
Bap
Bkf
Bkf
Chry
Chry
Fla
Fla
Phe
Phe
Flu
Flu
Acy
Acy
Napth
Napth
0
100
200
300
PAHs concentration (ng/g dt)
400
Site 1
Bzp
500
0
100
200
300
Site 2
400
PAHs concentration (ng/g dt)
Site 3
500
Site 4
600
Results for SOD activity
3500
2500
Site 1
Site 2
***
Site 3
***
Site 1
Site 4
Site 2
3000
Site 3 Site 4
***
2000
SOD Activity
(Units/g wt)
SOD activity
(Units/g wt)
2500
1500
1000
*
*
*
2000
**
**
1500
**
**
*
1000
500
500
0
0
Summer
Autum
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autum
Winter
Spring
Results for CAT activity
Site 1
CAT activity
(A 1 /A 2/min/mg prot)
3
2.5
2
Site 2
*
Site 3
4.5
Site 4
*
**
1.5
1
2
**
1.5
1
0
Spring
Site 4
2.5
0
Winter
Site 3
*
3
0.5
Autum
Site 2
3.5
0.5
Summer
Site 1
4
CAT activity
(A 1 /A 2/min/mg prot)
3.5
Summer
Autum
Winter
Spring
Results for Lipid Peroxidation levels
2000
***
Site 1
1800
Site 2
Site 3
2000
Site 4
1800
1600
**
1200
LPO levels
ΜDA (nmol/g wt)
LPO levels
ΜDA (nmol/g wt)
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
1600
1400
*
***
1000
**
800
600
Site 1
***
**
**
1400
1200
1000
200
200
0
0
Winter
Spring
*
600
400
Autum
*
800
400
Summer
** **
Summer
Autum
Winter
Spring
Conclusions
Pollution in coastal waters of Saronikos gulf
causes moderate levels of oxidative stress
in tissues of mussels
The biomarkers of SOD, CAT & LPO are suitable
for appraising the seawater quality
and can be used as cost effective test system
for Environmental Risk Assessment
Factors that affect biomarker responses
of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms
Health condition
Sex
Age
Nutritional status
Metabolic activities
Migratory behavior
Reproductive
& Developmental status
Population density
Season
Ambient temperature
Heterogeneity of the
Environmental Pollution
Biomarker
Responses