Transcript Course Introduction - Welcome to BBCC Aviation: Commercial

AVF 113 - Meteorology Course
Introduction
INSTRUCTOR
• Mr. Joe MacDougall
• Diploma in Aviation Mount Royal College/University
(Calgary, AB)
• Bachelors of Science in Aeronautics from the
University of North Dakota
• St. Louis University/Parks College
• Owner AvCanada www.avcanada.ca
• Weather Modification Pilot
• Canadian Airline Transport
• FAA Commercial Multi-Instrument & SES, CFI, CFII,
MEI
• BBCC Assistant Chief Flight Instructor
MOST CHALLENGING CROSS
COUNTRY
• CYYC-SAME (MENDOZE ARGENTINA MDZ)
• Via Fargo ND (KFAR), Albany Georgia
(KABY), St. Petersburg Florida (KSPG),
Lakeland Florida (KLAL), Fort Pierce Florida
(KFPR), then over Cuba to Montego Bay
Jamaica (MBJ MKJS), Bogotá Columbia
(SKBO), Rio Bronco Brazil (SBRB), Cuiaba
Brazil (SBCY), Iguazzu Brazil (SBFI),
Mendoza Argentina (SAME)
• Route between CYYC (Calgary,
Alberta, Canada) and SAME
(Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina):
• Distance along great circle: 6414.5
statute miles, 5574.1 nautical miles,
10323.1 kilometers
TEXTS
• You will be using two texts this
quarter:
• Aviation Weather AC 00-6A and
• Aviation Weather Services
AC00-45G
COURSE OUTLINE AND
GRADING POLICY
• Please read the course outline.
In this document you will find
the grading policy for this
course.
Course Objectives:
• Understanding of basic weather theory
• Cause and effect relationships
• Recognize critical weather situations
• Be able to identify typical weather
phenomenon
• Be able to obtain weather information
• Prepared for FAA oral exam for topics
relating to meteorology
AOPA & Duat/s
• Throughout the course there will be several
homework assignments that you will be
required to complete from the AOPA website.
• You will need to prove to me that you can
login to www.duat.com or www.duats.com
before January 24th, 2013 if you are in the
flight program.
• Students who are not in the flight program or
who have not completed AVF 112 please raise
your hand.
Introduction
Why study the Weather?
• It effects everyone
• Your knowledge may save your life at one point or another in
your aviation career
• Go-No go decision (most important thing you can learn)
• After your airborne it’s a terrible feeling wishing that you
were on the ground.
• Therefore it can not be purely academic, we have to relate it
to flight safety.
• For your safety and the safety of those with you, learn to
recognize potential trouble and make sound preflight and
flight decisions before it is to late. This is the real purpose of
the first half of this course.
CLASS CONTENT
• EARTH FACTS
• Review of METAR’s, TAF’s, FA, FD,
PIREPS
EARTH
• What do you think the dimensions of
the Earth are?
• Radius
• Circumference
• Distance from the Pole to Equator
EARTH
• What do you think the dimensions of
the Earth are?
• Radius = 3,438 n.m.
• Circumference = 21,625 n.m.
• Distance from the Pole to Equator =
5,397 n.m.
ATMOSHERIC LAYERS
• 99.9% of the total atmospheric mass is
below 164,000 ft (about 27 n.m.). At this
altitude the density is about one-thousandth
of sea levels density. Very close to the top
but there is no well-defined upper surface to
the atmosphere.
• 90% of mass is below 53,000 ft
• 50% of mass is below 18,000 ft
Earth Facts
• If the earth were a beach ball the
atmosphere would be as thin as a
piece of paper
• If the Earth was an apple the
atmosphere would be similar to
the skin of the apple.
• It took approx. 4.6 Billion years
for the atmosphere to form.
Meteorological History
• The term goes back to Greek
Philosopher Aristotle 340 BC
• He wrote a book called Meteorlogica
which was referenced for 2000 years.
• Thermometer was invented late 1500’s
• Barometer invented in 1643
• The 1800’s saw a scientific approach
being developed and the use of
weather maps introduced
Meteorological History
• 1920’s saw Airmasses and Fronts
• 1940’s Balloon wx observations
gave a more 3 dimensional view
• 1950’s computer aided wx
• 1960’s Tiros I wx satellite
Meteorological Today
• Today, complex computer models tied
with satellite data improve accuracy
• A large part of this data is available
from a FSS (1-800-WX-Brief) or on the
internet
• In the second half of this course and
today we are going to cover weather
reports, forecasts etc. from AC00-45F
METAR History
• The METAR format was introduced 1 January 1968
internationally and has been modified several times
since. North American countries continued to use a
Surface Aviation Observation (SAO) for current weather
conditions until 1 June 1996 when this report was
replaced with an approved variant of the METAR agreed
upon in a 1989 Geneva agreement.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAR#History
METAR Naming
• The word METAR originated from the French, "message
d’observation météorologique régulière pour l’aviation,"
and is thought to be a contraction from the french
words, MÉTéorologique ("Weather") Aviation
Régulière ("Routine"). The Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) defines a METAR as an aviation
routine weather report in the Aeronautical Informational
Manual and may therefore consider it erroneous to
attempt to redefine METAR with incorrect terminology
such as METeorological Aerodrome Report.[2] The FAA
and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) specifically define a METAR as an aviation
routine weather report, which is an approximate
translation of the historical French description.
METAR
• METAR= Aviation Routine Weather Report
• In 1996 US converted to the ICAO and the
World Meterological Organization form of
aviation weather reporting.
• Each country is allowed to make modifications to
the code to use in that particular country
• In the U.S. visibility is in statute miles, runway
visual range in feet, wind speed in knots, and
altimeter setting in inches of mercury
METAR
• Elements of a
METAR
• 5. Wind
• 6. Visibility
• 1. Type of Report • 7. RVR
• 2. ICAO station
identifier
• 3. Date and time
of report
• 4. Modifier (as
required)
• 8. Weather
• 9. Sky conditions
• 10. Temp/DPT
• 11. Altimeter
• 12. Remarks
METAR (Section 3 AC 00-45F)
• METAR KGNV 201933Z COR 24015KT
3/4SM R28/2400FT +TSRA BKN008
OVC015CB 26/25 A2985 RMK
TSB32RAB32
• METAR KPIT 091955Z COR 22015G25KT
3/4SM R28L/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB
18/16 A2992 RMK SLP045 T01820159
METAR AND TAF
• KMWH 042152Z 00000KT 1/2SM
R32R/6000VP6000FT UP FG BKN004 OVC020
01/01 A3009 RMK AO2 RAE49UPB49 SLP202
P0007 T00110011
• KMWH 042202Z 0422/0518 01004KT 3SM -RA BR
OVC015 TEMPO 0422/0424 1SM RA BR BKN005
OVC030 FM050000 35004KT 5SM RA BR OVC015
FM050200 VRB04KT P6SM BKN006 OVC010
• KEPH 042153Z AUTO 01006KT 3SM -SN BR
FEW004 BKN021 OVC031 00/00 A3008 RMK AO2
SLP197 P0004 T00000000
METAR (226 & 200AFD)
• METAR’s are issued normally 5-10minutes
before the hour every hour
• Ceiling is defined as the lowest broken or
overcast layer or vertical visibility into a
surface based obstruction
• Indefinite ceiling VV006
• Temperature below zero prefixed with a M
METAR (226 & 200AFD)
• A01-Automated station with out
precipitation discrimination
• A02- with precip discrimination
• VC in vicinity of airport 5-10 SM
• METAR’s are reports (a moment
of time) not a forecast
TAF (AC 00-45F 7.2)
• Used to be called a FT now called a
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts
• Is a forecast of the expected
weather conditions at an airport
during a specific period (usually
24hrs NOW some are 30hrs)
• Issued four times a day for 24 hrs
periods (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z)
• http://aviationweather.gov/notice/taf30.php
TAF
• Example old format:
• TAF KOKC 051130Z 051212 14008KT 5SM
BR BKN030 WS018/32030KT TEMPO 1316
1 1/2SM BR FM1600 16010KT P6SM SKC
BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA
OVC020 PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA
OVC008CB =
NEW TAF FORMAT
TAF NEW FORMAT
• KMWH 020338Z 0204/0224 01005KT P6SM
OVC110 FM020600 23006KT 5SM -RA BR
BKN008 FM020800 18005KT 2SM -RASN BR
OVC007 FM021000 30007KT 1SM BR BKN007
OVC025 FM021800 27012G22KT P6SM
SCT020 BKN150 =
• KMWH 042202Z 0422/0518 01004KT 3SM RA BR OVC015 TEMPO 0422/0424 1SM RA BR
BKN005 OVC030 FM050000 35004KT 5SM RA
BR OVC015 FM050200 VRB04KT P6SM
BKN006 OVC010
TAF (DECEMBER 2ND 2009)
• Example SPOKANE:
• KGEG 020335Z 0204/0224 23010KT 6SM SN BR BKN005 OVC010 FM020600
20009KT 3/4SM -RASN BR BKN009
OVC015 FM021300 23013KT 3SM -SHSN
SCT008 BKN015 FM021500 23015G25KT
P6SM VCSH SCT020 BKN150 FM021700
NSW SKC =
FA AVIATION AREA
FORECAST (Section 7)
• FA is a forecast of general weather conditions
over an area the size of several states.
• It is used to determine forecast en route weather
and to interpolate conditions at airports that do
not have TAF’s issued.
• FA’s are issued 3 times a day for 6 different
areas in the U.S.
FA AVIATION AREA
FORECAST (269)
• FA is comprised of four sections:
• 1 Communication and product header
section
• 2. A precautionary statement section
• 3. Synopsis section
• 4. VFR Clouds/WX section
FA AVIATION AREA
FORECAST
• The area we are in is the SFO San
Francisco area
• 1. Communication and Product header
• Identifies the office for which the FA is
issued, the date and time of issue, the
product name, the valid times, and the
states and/or areas covered by the FA
• 2. Precautionary statements. Three
statements are in all FA’s
FA AVIATION AREA
FORECAST (269)
• See airmet sierra for IFR conds and mtn
obscn.
• TSTMS IMPLY PSPL SVR OR GTR TURBC
SVR ICG LLWS AND IFR CONDS.
• NON MSL HGTS ARE NENOTED BY AGL OR
CIG.
FA AVIATION AREA
FORECAST
• Synopsis - brief summary of the location
and movement of fronts, pressure
systems, and circulation patterns for an
18-hr. period
• VFR Clouds and Weather - contains a 12
hr. specific forecast, followed by a 6 -hr
outlook giving a total forecast of 18hr
• (duat)
In-Flight WX advisories
• Are forecasts that advise en route aircraft
of the development of potentially
hazardous weather
• Three different kinds of in-flight wx
advisories
• 1. Convective SIGMET (WST)
• 2. SIGMET (WS)
• 3. AIRMET (WA)
In-Flight WX advisories
• All heights are MSL unless stated CIG
• Convective SIGMET (WST) - Are issued for any
of the following
• A severe thunderstorm due to 1. Surface winds
greater than or equal to 50kt, 2. Hail at the
surface greater than or equal to 3/4 in. in
diameter, 3. Tornadoes, 4. Embedded
thunderstorms, 5. Line of thunderstorms, or 6.
TS greater or = to VIP intensity level 4
affecting 40% or more of an area 3000 square
miles.
In-Flight WX advisories
• Convective SIGMET (WST) - implies severe or
greater turbulence, severe icing, and low-level
wind shear
• Issued for eastern (E), central (C), and western
(W) United States.
• Bulletins are issued hourly at H+55
• Each new bulletin is identified with a number
• The text of the bulletin’s forecast is valid for up
to 2 hours. (Pg 281)
In-Flight WX advisories
• SIGMET (WS)- advises of nonconvective
weather that is potentially hazardous to all
aircraft
• 1. Severe icing, 2. Severe or extreme
turbulence or clear air turbulence not
associated with a TS
• 3. Dustorms, sandstorms, or volcanic ash
lowering surface visibilities to below 3SM
• 4. Volcanic eruption
• The maximum forecast period is 6 hrs.
In-Flight WX advisories
• Identified by alphabetic designators which
inlude November through Yankee but exlude
Sierra and Tango
• First issuance of a SIGMET with be labeled
UWS (urgent weather SIGMET)
In-Flight WX advisories
• Example
• UWS 051710
• SIGMET PAPA 1 VALID UNTIL 052110
• AR LA MS
• FROM STL TO 30N MEI TO BTW TO MLU TO
STL OCNL SVR ICING 90 TO 130 EXPCE.
• FRZLVL 80 E TO 120 W. CONDS CONTG BYD
2100Z
In-Flight WX advisories
• AIRMET (WA)- are advisories of significant
weather phenomena but describe conditions at
intensities lower than those which trigger
SIGMETs.
• Are bulletins issued on a scheduled basis every
6 hrs. Issued for: moderate icing, Moderate
turbulence, sustained surface winds of 30 kt. Or
more, IFR clouds and visibilites affecting over
50% of the area at one time, extensive
mountain obscurement
In-Flight WX advisories
• AIRMET - have fixed alphanumeric designators
of:
• ZULU for moderate icing & Freezing Level
• TANGO for moderate turbulence, LLWS, strong
winds
• SIERRA for IFR and mountain obscuration
• Pg 284 example
WINDS ALOFT FORECAST FD/FB
• Forecasts are made twice a day based on 00Z and 12Z
data for use during specific time intervals
• Can be both an observation or a forecast.
• Valid for a specific time
• Gives winds at 3000ft, 6000ft, 9000ft, 12,000ft,
18,000ft, 24,000ft, 30,000ft, 34,000ft etc.
• example winds and temperature at 9,000ft are written
as
• 2725+00 = winds 270 degrees true and 25 knots
temperature 0 degrees C
WINDS ALOFT FORECAST FD
• No winds are forecast within 1500ft of station
elevation, also no temperature are forecast for the
3,000ft level or for any level within 2,500 ft of station
elevation. Above 24000 no negative C
• If wind speed is over 100 knots (or from 100199knots) the wind speed will have 50 added to the
direction
• Example wind 230 degrees T at 150 knots =7350
• Wind less than 5 kt codedas 9900 light and variable
PIREPS UA
• PIREPS (UA) - observations from pilots in the
cockpit. Provide the only means of directly
observing cloud tops, icing, and turbulence.
• Transmitted in a prescribed format
PIREPS UA
• /OV = LOCATION,
• /TM = TIME,
• /FL = ALTITUDE/FLIGHT LEVEL,
• /TP = AIRCRAFT TYPE,
• /SK = SKY COVER,
• /WX = FLIGHT VISIBILITY AND WEATHER,
•
/TA = TEMPERATURE,
• /WV = WIND,
• /TB = TURBULENCE,
• /IC = ICING,
• /RM = REMARK
PIREPS UA
• The letter “UUA” identify an urgent PIREP
• Example
• SEA UA /OV SEA105045/TM
0245/FL170/TP B738/TB MOD 170-120/RM
DURGD
• SFF UA /OV SFF045008 /TM 0336 /FL050
/TP BE20 /TA M04 /IC MOD RIME
WX 1/5/2003
• KMWH 052252Z 02005KT 10SM OVC009 05/03 A3057 RMK
AO2 SLP363 T00500028 $
• KPSC 052253Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 11/03 A3056
RMK AO2 SLP351 T01110033
• KGEG 052256Z 16003KT 10SM FEW012 BKN017 OVC200
04/01 A3054 RMK AO2 SLP358 T00390011
• KEAT 052311Z AUTO 07005KT 3SM BR OVC001 01/00
A3057 RMK AO2
• KELN 052253Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 01/M01 A3052
RMK AO2 SLP351 T00061011
• KSEA 052256Z 36003KT 10SM SCT130 BKN150 10/06
A3045 RMK AO2 SLP313 T01000061
1/5/2004
• METAR KMWH 052152Z 36010KT 10SM
CLR M14/M19 A3073 RMK AO2 SLP442
T11391194
• METAR KEPH 052153Z AUTO 36006KT
10SM CLR M13/M20 A3071 RMK AO2
SLP438 T11331200 $
NOTAMS
• MWH 01/022 MWH RWY 36 BOW MU
27/25/28 WEF 0901050405
• BOW = Bowmonk Decelerometer
(Bowmonk Sales)
• MU = Prononced “Mew”, MU is a
measurement of runway friction as
reported by airport managament.
NOTAM
• !MWH 01/041 MWH RWY 36 BOW MU 43/32/39 WEF
1001042022
• BOW MU 27/25/28 WEF 0901050405
• 1ST THIRD VALUE 27
• 2ND THIRD 25
• LAST 3RD 28
• Went in effect 09 = 2009
• 01 = 1st month
• 05= 5th day
• 0405 = 0405z
• http://www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/airports/resources/advis
ory_circulars/media/150-5200-28D/150_5200_28d.pdf
BRAKING ACTION
TAF 1/5/2009
• TAF KMWH 051734Z 0518/0618 26004KT
P6SM SCT020 SCT250 FM052000
22004KT P6SM SCT030 SCT250
FM060500 21005KT 5SM BR FEW002
BKN250 FM060900 23004KT 3SM BR
VCSH OVC008