Transcript Chapter 15: The Cold War Begins

Strange Bedfellows
The enemy of my
enemy is my friend.
Have you ever been so
scared about something
only to realize that it
wasn’t that bad?
Have you ever wanted to
accomplish something so much
that you compromised your
principles in order to achieve
your goal?
Did the ends justify the means?
Chapter 15:
The Cold War Begins
Despite being allies during
WWII, the United States was
still fearful of world-wide
communism and a
communist revolution at
home.
Despite being allies during WWII,
the Soviet Union was still fearful
that the United States and other
non-Communist countries would
try and destroy them.
The Soviet Union was also fearful
of being attacked by Germany
again.
The Yalta Conference
Poland: A government friendly to
Soviet Union, but free elections
soon.
The Declaration of a Liberated
Europe: “the right of all people to
choose the form of government
under which they will live.”
The Declaration of Liberated Europe
Dividing Germany: Germany would
be divided into four zones. The
U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and
France would each control a zone.
Berlin, the capital city would also
be divided into four zones.
Tensions begin to rise: Two weeks
after Yalta, Soviets pressure Romania
into creating a Communist
government, violating the Declaration
of Liberated Europe.
April 1945 – Soviets create strong
Communist government in Poland,
free elections never happen.
The Soviet Unions Security Concerns
The Potsdam Conference
The Soviets wanted Germany to
pay heavy reparations, the U.S.
disagreed. Compromise reached on
light reparations, Soviets not
satisfied.
America’s Economic Strategy
Because the Soviet troops had
liberated Eastern Europe from Nazi
control, they remained there and
imposed their form of government
on those countries. Those
countries became known as
Satellite Nations
The Satellite Nations
British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill coined the phrase “Iron
Curtain” to describe the invisible
barrier between the Communist
countries of Eastern Europe and
the Democracies of Western
Europe.
The Iron Curtain Speech
Competing Goals and Concerns.
• Soviets concerned about
security.
• Germany must remain
weak, and border
countries under Soviet
control.
• Belief in communist
system.
• Feared capitalist
countries trying to
destroy communism
• Fear of spread of
Communism and
overthrow of government.
• America has strong
economic concerns. WWII
caused by Depression.
• Trade reductions caused
Depression.
• Economic growth and trade
was key to peace.
• Democratic governments
made countries more
peaceful and stable.
Section 2 Essential Question:
How did President Truman attempt
to deter Communism?
April 12, 1945 –
Roosevelt dies.
New President is
Harry S. Truman
Truman is a strong anticommunist. Believes
appeasement by British
led to WWII, does not
want to make same
mistake.
“We must stand up to the
Russians.”
To stop the
spread of
Communism our
chief foreign
policy goal was
containment. This
would require a
long term
commitment .
The Truman
Doctrine:
…to aid “free peoples
who are resisting
attempted
subjugation by
armed minorities or
by outside
pressures.”
This was a pledge to
fight the spread of
Communism.
Secretary of State
George C. Marshall
proposed the
European Recovery
Program, or the
Marshall Plan. 13
billion dollars in aid
was provided to
the countries of
Western Europe to
help them rebuild
their economies.
Spring of 1948, France,
Great Britain and the U.S.
merge their zones into
one, officially creating the
Federal Republic of
Germany and unofficially
creating West Germany.
They also combine their
zones in Berlin, making
West Berlin a part of the
new German Republic.
The Soviets responded by
creating the German
Democratic Republic, also
known as East Germany.
June 1948, the Soviets, angered
by not having received reparations
from West Germany, cut off all
road and rail traffic to West Berlin.
They wanted West Germany to
pay reparations, or for the U.S. to
abandon West Berlin, the United
States did neither.
June of 1948 until May 12, 1949
the United States flew 2 million
tons of food, medicine, coal, and
other supplies into West Berlin.
This became known as
the Berlin Airlift.
NATO – The North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization is created
in 1949.
This was a military
alliance between the
U.S., Canada, Great
Britain, France, Italy,
Belgium, Denmark,
Portugal, the
Netherlands, Norway,
Luxemburg, and
Iceland.
The Chinese Revolution1949
Communist led by
Mao Zedong
Nationalist led by
Chiang Kai-shek
Fighting since
1920’s but worked
together against
Japanese. When
WWII ended civil
war continued.
The U.S. gave 2 billion
dollars in aid to the
Nationalist government
to prevent a Communist
takeover but it didn’t
work. The Nationalist
government fled to the
island of Formosa
(Taiwan) and in October
of 1949, the Communist
created the Peoples
Republic of China
The U.S.
continued to
recognize the
Nationalist
government in
Taiwan and would
not allow the
Communist
government of
China to join the
United Nations.
In September of
1949 the Soviet
Union announced
it had successfully
tested an atomic
bomb. It achieved
this from
information
gained by its spies
in the United
States.
1950 – The
Communist
governments in
China and the
Soviet Union
sign a treaty of
friendship and
alliance,
creating fear in
the U.S.
With the Communist takeover in
China, the U.S. put great emphasis
in getting Japan’s economy up and
running again.
The Korean War
June 1950 – July 1953
over 36,000 U.S. soldiers killed
many more Koreans and Chinese
are killed.
The U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
entered Korea at the end
of WWII. Korea was
divided along the 38th
parallel.
The Soviets created a
Communist government
in the North and the U.S.
created a Democratic
government in the South.
Reunification talks broke
down.
On June 25, 1950, with help from
Soviet military aid, North Korean forces
invade South Korea.
President Truman sees this as a test of
the containment policy and sends the
military into action. American troops
stationed in Japan are sent to Korea.
Truman also called on the United
Nations to act against the aggression.
After surviving
near defeat, U.S.
and South Korean
forces, Under the
leadership of
General Douglas
MacArthur, push
the North Korean
forces back across
the 38th parallel
and close to the
Chinese border.
China feared the approaching U.S.
and U.N. troops and warned them
to halt their advance. The U.S.
continued to pursue to North
Koreans close to the Chinese and
the Chinese responded by sending
hundreds of thousands of troops
across the border.
The Chinese pushed the U.N., U.S.
th
and S.K. forces back across the 38
parallel. By the fall of 1951, a
stalemate developed near the 38th
parallel with neither side gaining
much ground. The war would last
another 2 years though.
• When the Chinese
attacked, General
MacArthur urged the
president to attack
Chinese cities with
atomic weapons.
Truman was committed
to a limited war and did
no want to expand the
conflict into China.
Truman eventually fired
MacArthur for publicly
criticizing him.
The Korean War expanded the Cold
War into Asia, it demonstrated our
commitment to use force to stop the
spread of Communism, it triggered a
military buildup in the U.S., and it led
to our giving aid to the French who
were fighting Communists in Vietnam.
Section 3 – The Cold War and
American Society
A New Red Scare –
* Igor Gouzenko defects
* fear of Communist
subversion
* loyalty review program for
federal employees. (loyalty
was questioned because of
books read, films watched,
group affiliation, travel
overseas, etc.)
House UnAmerican
Activities
Committee
(HUAC)
Used by the FBI
to investigate
Communists
and Communist
sympathizers.
Hollywood was targeted
because of its powerful
influence over American
culture. Many actors,
writers, directors and
producers were
investigated and many
had their careers ruined
because of mere
speculation. (Blacklisted)
Alger Hiss and the
Rosenbergs
Hiss was a minor spy.
Julius Rosenberg was a
major spy.
Doubt remains about
Ethel Rosenberg.
Julius and Ethel were
executed in 1953.
McCarthyism – (to make vague and
unfounded charges against
someone with the result of casting
doubt on them and damaging their
reputation)
Joseph McCarthy of
Wisconsin used this tactic
to get elected to the U.S.
Senate.
He made a name for
himself by making
unsubstantiated
accusations of Communist
ties against government
officials.
McCarthy used
his position in
the Senate to
investigate and
accuse innocent
Americans,
ruining many
reputations and
careers.
In 1954, when
McCarthy went looking
for spies in the U.S.
Army, the American
people had finally had
enough. McCarthy was
censured by the Senate,
disgraced and
humiliated. He died in
1957.
Fallout Shelters, Movies, Television and
Music
• The Five Stars – Atom Bomb Baby
Fear of “The Bomb”
Duck-and-Cover
R.A.F.T.
• Role: (Sen. Joe McCarthy, a Hollywood director, a
news reporter, a student learning to “duck and
cover”, etc.)
• Audience: (depends on your role)
• Format: (your choice, ex: news report, diary entry,
letter to the editor, letter to Congress, letter to your
parents, etc.)
• Topic: the Red Scare in the United States.
Section 4 – Eisenhower’s Cold War
Policies
“More Bang for the Buck”
and Massive Retaliation
Nuclear weapons were more
cost effective than
conventional military forces.
Brinkmanship – Eisenhower’s
willingness to threaten the use of
nuclear weapons in order to contain
Communism.
Taiwan and Suez Crisis
The CIA and covert operations in
developing nations.
The 1956 - Hungarian Revolt
1957 – Sputnik launched
1960 – U-2 (U.S.)spy plane shot down