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PP 6E-3 - BUS 311

Transcript PP 6E-3 - BUS 311

Chapter 3 - Managing the Information Systems Infrastructure and Services Companies have to plan and manage their infrastructure needs to gain the greatest returns on their IS investments Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Chapter 3 Learning Objectives

The IS Infrastructure

• Describe how changes in business’ competitive landscape influence changing IS infrastructure needs.

Issues Associated with Managing the IS Infrastructure

• Discuss managerial issues associated with managing an organization’s IS infrastructure.

Cloud Computing

• Describe cloud computing and other current trends that can help an organization address IS infrastructure–related challenges.

The IS Infrastructure

The IS Infrastructure

• Describe how changes in business’ competitive landscape influence changing IS infrastructure needs.

Issues Associated with Managing the IS Infrastructure

Discuss managerial issues associated with managing an organization’s IS infrastructure.

Cloud Computing

Describe cloud computing and other current trends that can help an organization address IS infrastructure–related challenges.

Applications and Databases Supporting Business Processes • • Application Software – Software tools • Process automation • Decision support • Financial monument • Other Business & User needs Databases – Collections of data – Organized to facilitate data searches Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

IS Infrastructure Components: Hardware – Computer Types

Computer Type

Supercomputer Mainframe Server Workstation Personal Computer

Simultaneous Users

One to Many 1,000+ 10,000+ Typically one One

Typical Use

Scientific Research Transaction Processing, Enterprise Applications Providing access to databases, applications, and files; Web site hosting Engineering, Medical, Graphical Design Personal Productivity

Typical Cost (US$)

IS Infrastructure Components: System Software • • Controls computer hardware operations Operating Systems – Examples: Windows, OS X, Linux – Manages hard drives and storage – Manages keyboard, mouse, monitor, & printers – Coordinates application access to computing resources Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

IS Infrastructure Components: Storage

Storage Type

Operational Backup Archival

Purpose

for processing transactions or for data analysis short-term copies of organizational data, used to recover from system-related disaster. Backup data are frequently overwritten with newer backups long-term copies of organizational data, often used for compliance and reporting purposes Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

IS Infrastructure Components: Networking

IS Infrastructure Components: Servers, Clients, and Peers • • • Servers – Host (serve up) Data, Databases, Files, Applications, Web Sites, Video, and other content for access over the network Clients – Consume hosted resources Peers – Serve and Consume resources, both a Server and a Client interacting with similar computers Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

IS Infrastructure Components: Types of Computer Networks

Type

Private branch exchange (PBX) Personal area network (PAN) Local area network (LAN) Campus area network (CAN) Metropolitan area network (MAN) Wide area network (WAN)

Usage

Telephone system serving a Particular location Wireless communication between devices (Bluetooth) Sharing of data, software applications, other resources Between several users Connect multiple LANs, used by single organization Connect multiple LANs Connect multiple LANs, distributed ownership and management Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Size

Within a business Under 10 meters Typically a building Spanning multiple buildings Larger than LAN or CAN, such as the area of a city Large physical distance, up to worldwide 11

The Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) • • The Internet is one of several Global Networks – – The Internet has standard protocols The Internet is based on Internetworking, or combining networks to form larger networks The World Wide Web uses the Internet – The World Wide Web is not the Internet – The World Wide Web is • • WWW protocols (ex: HTML & WWW URLs) WWW Documents (e.g.: Web Pages) • • WWW Domain Servers (translate URLs into IP addresses) WWW Browsers Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

The Internet and the World Wide Web: Web Domain Names and Addresses • • • The Internet uses IP Addresses – – IPV4: Old style, running out of addresses IPV6: New style, huge address space The WWW uses Domain Names – Ex: www.google.com

• Google is the host name • .com is the suffix The WWW translates Domain Names into IP Addresses – www.arizona.edu

translates to (IPV4) 128.196.134.37

The Internet and the World Wide Web: Web Domain Names Suffixes • There are a limited set of Suffixes available on the WWW – Common Suffixes (.com, .edu, .gov, .info, .net) – Country Suffixes (two letter, over 240) • In 2013 entities can apply for their own suffix – .google

– .law

– .docs

– Etc.

The Internet and the World Wide Web: World Wide Web Architecture • Components – – Interconnected Web Servers Utilize Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – Communicate over the Internet • • Clients request Web page hosted on server Server break into packets • • Packets stream over internet to Client Client reassembles • Client can request retransmission of any missing packets • Web browser translate Web page into visible output Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

The Internet and the World Wide Web: Extranets and Intranets • • Companies have confidential data This data still needs to be shared on a limited basis – Intranet: password protected Web site designed for sharing within the company – Extranet: password protected Web site designed for sharing with select partners Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

IS Infrastructure Components: Data Centers • • • Large amounts of Data to be managed Dedicated space for infrastructure components such as Data Centers Data Center centralization facilitates – Management – Repairs – Upgrades – Security Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Issues Associated with Managing the IS Infrastructure

The IS Infrastructure

Describe how changes in business’ competitive landscape influence changing IS infrastructure needs.

Issues Associated with Managing the IS Infrastructure

Discuss managerial issues associated with managing an organization’s IS infrastructure.

Cloud Computing

Describe cloud computing and other current trends that can help an organization address IS infrastructure–related challenges.

Rapid Obsolescence and Shorter IT Cycles

The Dawn of Computing • 1936 – Zeus Z1 Computer Introduced • Mechanical Computer • Punch card based – Business and Government Information Systems • Paper Based • Huge rooms full of Filing Cabinets • Specific information known by few employees Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

Five Generations of Computing Generation 1 2 3 4 5 Time Line 1946–1958 1958–1964 1964–1990s 1990s–2000 2000–present Major Event Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated circuits Multimedia and low-cost PCs Widespread Internet accessibility Characteristics ■ ■ Mainframe era begins ENIAC and UNIVAC were developed ■ ■ Mainframe era expands UNIVAC is updated with transistors ■ ■ Mainframe era ends Personal computer era begins ■ ■ ■ ■ Personal computer era ends Interpersonal computing era begins High-speed & capacity Low-cost integrated AV and data ■ ■ ■ Interpersonal computing era ends Internetworking era begins Ubiquitous & mobile connectivity Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

Moore’s Law • Dr. Gordon Moore – Co-founder of Intel – Hypothesized the number of transistors on a chip would double every two years – Transistors predicted computing power • Computing power would double every two years • • Has been relatively accurate to this date First CPU has 2200 transistors • Current CPU’s have over 2-billion Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22

IT Cycles & Obsolescence • • • • Powerful computers enable new applications New applications drive efficiencies New applications often make old hardware obsolete Obsolete hardware requires replacement Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

Big Data and Rapidly Increasing Storage Needs • • Firms collect unprecedented levels of data – Business Intelligence (Chapter 6) – Legal Compliance (e.g., Sarbanes Oxley) Unprecedented levels of data requires unprecedented infrastructure capabilities – Capturing the data requires more infrastructure – Storing the data requires more infrastructure – Analyzing the data requires more infrastructure Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 24

Demand Fluctuations • • Many companies face demand fluctuations – Seasonal Fluctuations (e.g., Christmas) – Monthly Fluctuations (Month-end spikes) Demand fluctuations create inefficiencies – Some estimate up to 70% of IS capacity only used 20% of the time – IS infrastructure is typically not readily scalable • Changing internal capacity takes time • Cloud computing (next section) may be the answer Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

Increasing Energy Needs • • Computing can require a lot of power – Hardware draws power, which generates heat – Heat requires cooling, which requires more power Data Centers can use large amounts of power – 15 to 17 kilowatts per rack – Large data centers have hundreds of racks – More power is required for cooling and lost through other inefficiencies Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 26

Cloud Computing

The IS Infrastructure

Describe how changes in business’ competitive landscape influence changing IS infrastructure needs.

Issues Associated with Managing the IS Infrastructure

Discuss managerial issues associated with managing an organization’s IS infrastructure.

Cloud Computing

Describe cloud computing and other current trends that can help an organization address IS infrastructure–related challenges.

What Is Cloud Computing?

• Cloud Computing is a way to allocate resources much like a utility sells power – Resources are used “on-demand”, as needed – Customers only pay for what they consume – Resources can be rapidly allocated and reallocated – Consumption becomes an operating expense – % Utilization and Efficiency increase dramatically Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 28

Why Cloud Computing?

• • The efficiency benefits are tremendous – Different customers have different demand spikes – Large data centers have economies of scale • Purchasing, deploying, and managing technology • • Implementing green cooling technologies Flexibly reallocating resources Customers can focus on core operations – Infrastructure can be consumed as needed – Scalability no longer a limiting factor Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

Public and Private Clouds

Advanced Cloud Applications • • Grid Computing – Microprocessors – Networked computers – Large problems that can be decomposed Edge Computing – Servers at the edges of networks – Close to clients – Enhanced performance Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 34

Green Computing • • Driving forces – – Power Bills Reputation – Culture Approaches – – Virtualizing servers Cloud computing – – Power management software Reduced printing – Retiring obsolete hardware responsibly Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 36

END OF CHAPTER CONTENT

Managing in the Digital World: “I Googled You!” • • • • “Google” is now a verb While known for search, Google actually has a wealth of products – Google docs: cloud based productivity software – Other products include Youtube, Gmail, Google maps, Chrome, and Android Continuously evolving and innovating Operates on a proprietary infrastructure Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 38

Who’s Going Mobile: The Cloud Phone • • • • Traditional mobile phones tie one number to each phone It costs at least $20-$25 to build a phone In developing countries, phones are often shared The cloud phone – Users can log into their phone account with their number and a pin using any phone – Launched in Madagascar, Malawi, and Nigeria – The only problem, shared use drains batteries rapidly, which can be difficult to recharge in rural Africa Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 39

Ethical Dilemma: Putting People’s Lives Online • Google street view captures millions of people in their everyday lives – Put online for the world to see – Not all pictures are of things people want online • People in places or with people they don’t want public – Can be very intrusive, can even ruin lives – If pictures can be monetized, do companies shave a shareholder duty to do so, regardless of consequences to some individuals?

Coming Attractions: Optical WLAN • LED lighting in buildings can be used to transfer data – Up to 100 megabits per second – Flickering the LEDs at very high frequencies – Requires direct view of the lights – Targeted for an eight fold bandwidth improvement – Particularly useful when wireless devices are not allowed due to interference with sensitive instruments Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 41

Brief Case: Earthquake-Proofing a Data Center • Data centers are a critical infrastructure component – Natural disasters need to be considered and controlled for as much as possible – Power outages are handled by generators – Data centers aren’t located in locations likely to flood or be hit by tsunamis – Earthquakes can be mitigated by building steel and rubber ‘shock absorber’ floors Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 42

When Things Go Wrong: Dirty Data Centers • 2011 Greenpeace report on data centers and the cleanliness of their energy sources – Apple dirtiest of all, closely followed by HP, IBM, and Oracle – Google came in 5 th – Companies now trying to both become more efficient, get power from non-polluting sources • Use air for cooling, recapture heat for heating • Power from solar, wind, and other non-polluting sources Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 43

Key Players: Giants of the Infrastructure • • • • • Dell: 41 st the world on the fortune 500, 3 rd largest PC maker in IBM: Multinational company and consulting firm, most patents of any US technology company HP: Originally made electronic test equipment, now makes printers, personal computing products, servers, and networking equipment Cisco: Networking company, unrivaled until 1997, now branching out in both hardware and software Rackspace: Cloud hosting company formed in 1996, public and private hosting on a global basis, over 110,000 customers Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 44

Industry Analysis: Movie Industry • • • • Computers allow studio quality digital editing at an affordable price Movies released in digital formats Movie theaters switching to digital projection systems Theaters receive movies electronically instead of on reels of 35mm film Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 45