Chapter 20 - Falconer Central School
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Transcript Chapter 20 - Falconer Central School
Chapter 20
Christopher
Columbus: 1492, Italian who
sailed for Spain, official discovery of the new
world
Colony: A land controlled by another nation
Hernando Cortez: Spanish conquistador who
took over Aztecs; ruthless
Conquistador: Spanish adventure seeker in
the New World; driven by Gold, Glory and
God
Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conquistador who
took over Incas
Mestizo: A
person of mixed Spanish/Native
American blood
Encomienda: Spanish land grant in the New
World. Natives are to work on it (Plantations)
Atlantic Slave Trade: Buying and selling of
Africans
Triangular Trade: Europe, Africa and America
trade routes
Middle Passage: Africa to Americas voyage for
slaves
Columbian
Exchange: Global transfer of
plants, animals, diseases and ideas (cultural
diffusion) from the Old World to the New
World
Capitalism: Economic system based on
private ownership and on investment of
money in business ventures in order to make a
profit
Joint-Stock Company: A business in which
investors pool their wealth for a common
purpose, then share the profits (less risk)
Mercantilism: Nations
that increase their
wealth/power by obtaining large
amounts of gold and silver and selling
more good than they bought
(Gold/Silver/FB of Trade)
Favorable
Balance of Trade: A country
that sells more “goods” than it buys
Chapter 20:1
Columbus’s Voyage
Paves the Way
• First Encounters
Landed in the Bahamas in
10/1492
Returned to the Caribbean 3
more times, claiming islands
for Spain and setting up
colonies
Other
Explorers Take to the Seas
• Pedro Cabral: Claimed Brazil for the Portuguese
(1500)
• Amerigo Vespucci: Explored South America, had the
continent named after him (1507)
• Vasco Balboa: First European to see the Pacific Ocean
(1515)
• Magellan: His crew first to sail around the world (15191522) 18 out of 230 men survived
Cortez Conquers the
Aztecs
• Landed in Mexico in 1519
with 600 men, marched into
Tenochtitlan
• Spanish used superior
weaponry, Indian allies, and
disease to conquer the
Aztecs by 1521
Pizarro Subdues the Inca
• Marched 200 men into Peru,
used treachery to capture
and kill Incan king
• Captured Incan capital
without a fight
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish settlers known as penninsulares ruled the
conquered territory
• Encomienda System: Spanish settlers owned land,
forced natives to work as slaves farming or mining
Opposition
to Spanish Rule
• Catholic priests wanted better treatment for natives
• Led to importation of African slaves
• Natives used work slow-downs and violent rebellions
to resist the Spanish, mostly unsuccessful
1.
What process did Columbus and his
followers begin?
2.
Why were most of the Spanish explorers
drawn to the Americas?
3.
Which country was the richest and most
powerful in the 16th century and why?
Chapter 20:2
European
Countries and Their Claims
Spain
• Claimed and colonized lands from the Southern US
(including Florida and American Southwest)
• Also colonized Central and South America and
many Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico and
Cuba
ENGLAND
Jamestown Settlement
Claimed and colonized North
America from present day
Maine south to Georgia
NETHERLANDS
Aruba/Antilles in the
Caribbean
Also claimed some Caribbean
islands such as Barbados and
Jamaica
Pilgrims/Puritans
Claimed New York City
New Netherlands
France
• Claimed Haiti in the
Caribbean, as well as
present day Canada
and the Ohio and
Mississippi River
Valleys in North
America
• New France
Portugal
• Claimed Brazil
Reasons for Colonization: $$$ and Power!!!
• Prestige of the Mother Country
• Market for finished goods
• Used the colonies for cash crop and raw material
production
Europeans go to War
• England takes New York from the Dutch
• England takes Ohio River and Canada from France in
the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)
English drive the French away from the East coast
French
and Dutch had a strong relationship with
N.A. (Nice)
• Wanted to Trade
• Make $$$ not War!!
English
(Mean)
battled the N.A. over religion/land
• Wanted to own Land
• Violence/Fighting
King
Philips War (Metacom) attacks villagers in
Massachusetts
• Colonist win (Bloody)
New
Diseases
Biggest reason for
European conquest of
the New World
Labor loss in all the
colonies
Need for new labor!!!
Small
Pox
• 24,000-750
MEASLES
CHICKEN POX
Cholera
White Pudding?
1.
What was the basic difference between
French and English attitudes about the land
they acquired in North America?
2.
What was the main result of the French and
Indian War?
3.
What were some of the results for Native
Americans of European colonization of North
America?
Chapter 20:3
The
Evolution of
African Slavery
Slavery
in Africa
• Between 650 and 1600
4.8 million Africans had
been deported by
Muslims
• Long standing practice
• Slaves could gain
freedom
The
Desire for Africans
• Europeans needed labor force to replace Native
Americans dying of disease
• Lead by Portuguese
• Chose Africans for three reasons:
1.) Had built up immunity to disease
2.) Had experience in farming
3.) Was more difficult for them to escape (unfamiliar)
Atlantic
Slave Trade
• 9.5 million Africans imported
Spain
and Portugal were the first to import
Africans
Over 3.6 million imported to Brazil
English
• Transported 1.7 million slaves to Americas between 1690-
1807
• Only 400,000 sent to U.S. (Population Increased due to
births)
• 2 million by 1830
African Cooperation and Resistance
African rulers shipped slaves inland to Europeans ports on the
coast
Traded slaves for guns
Sold prisoners of war/rival tribe members
The Triangular Trade
Flow of goods, raw materials, and people between Europe,
Africa, and the New World (ex. slaves, tobacco, and guns)
See class reading sheet
The
Middle Passage
This leg of the triangle trade brought Africans to the
Americas
Africans were packed aboard ships and made the journey in
terrible conditions
EUROPE
Beads
Cloth
Hardware
Rum
Salt
weapons
AMERICAS
•Molasses
•Rum
•Cotton
•Tobacco
•Flower
•Lumber
•Furs
•Natural Resources
AFRICA
Slaves
Gold
Ivory
Slavery
in the Americas
• Slavery became a lifelong condition
children of slaves automatically became slaves
• Slaves resisted through work slow downs and open
rebellion, few were successful
Fear of Revolts lead to “harsher” punishments
Consequences
of the Atlantic Slave Trade
• Broke apart many families in Africa
Mixing of African Cultures
• Brought African culture to the New World
• Their labor allowed the colonies to survive and prosper
Song/Dance/Religion stayed alive in the slave quarters
1.
What effect did the spread of Islam have on
slave trade?
1.
How did enslaved Africans resist their
bondage?
1.
Explain the significance of Triangular
Trade.
1.
How did African slaves contribute to the
development of the Americas?
Chapter 20:4
AMERICAS TO EUROPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Tobacco
Pumpkin
Squash
Avocado
Turkey
Peppers
Pineapple
Cocoa bean
Peanut
Potato
Beans
Tomato
Corn
Vanilla
EUROPE, AFRICA, ASIA TO
AMERICAS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Onion
Olives
Citrus fruits
Coffee beans
Peach/pears
Sugar cane
Honeybee
Grains (wheat, rice, barley,
oats)
Livestock (Cattle, sheet, pig,
horse)
Disease (Smallpox, Cholera,
Typhus Measles, Diphtheria)
New
Economic Systems rise with Global
Trade
• Triangle Trade (see previous notes)
Mercantilism
Belief that a country’s power is dependent on its wealth
Goal was for a country to accumulate as much money as
possible, especially in the form of bullion (precious metals
like gold)
Accomplished
in two ways
1. Gather raw gold and silver from colonies
2. Export more goods than you import (favorable balance of trade)
Capitalism
• Based on private
(individual, NOT gov’t
• Ownership and the
investment of resources
with the goal of making a
profit!!
• Caused merchants to
grow in power – wealth
becomes measured by
money and not by land
• Nobles decrease in power
Recognize any of these companies??
Joint-Stock
Companies
• People combine their wealth to form a company too
expensive for an individual to form
• Common people can become part owner by investing,
or buying shares in a company (stock)
Economic
Revolution Changes European
Society
• Growth of merchant class
• Age of exploration/colonization increased the wealth
of European countries
1.
What are some of the food items that traveled
from the Americas to the rest of the world?
2.
What are some of the lasting effects of the
Columbian Exchange?