ppt - Dr. Kate Hefferon
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Transcript ppt - Dr. Kate Hefferon
Physical activity and
Posttraumatic growth
Chichester Centre of Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCASES)
Chichester University
June 25th, 2014
Dr. Kate Hefferon, PhD
Programme Leader- MSc. Applied Positive Psychology
Head of the Posttraumatic Growth Research Unit
University of East London
London, UK
Outline
Physical activity and well-being
Post-traumatic Growth (PTG)
Corporeal Posttraumatic Growth
Conclusions and questions
Physical activity and Wellbeing
Physical activity is a ‘stellar’ method of
intervening to promote well-being
(Hefferon & Mutrie, 2012)
Reduces the risk of developing several
diseases
Produces both hedonic and eudaimonic experiences of well-being including: positive
emotions, self esteem, body image, cognitive functioning, psychological well being,
posttraumatic growth, flow, purpose in life, etc.
Mens sana in corpore sano: Healthy body = healthy mind (Somatopsychic Principle)
Build psychological and emotional strength via the building of physical strength
(Faulkner, Hefferon & Mutrie, In press)
Psychological Resilience
“the flexibility in response to changing situational
demands, and the ability to bounce back from
negative emotional
experiences”
(Tugade, Fredrickson, & Barrett, 2004b, p. 1169)
•
Recovery, resistance and reconfiguration (Lepore & Revenson,
2006)
Posttraumatic growth (PTG)
“It is through this process of struggling with adversity that changes
may arise that propels the individual to a higher level of
functioning than which existed prior to the event.”(Linley & Joseph, 2004, p. 11)
•
40-70% experience some positive benefits from trauma
•
Focus is not to advocate suffering as a situation worth striving for, but rather to
examine the phenomenon in which suffering and grief can co-exist with
enlightenment and growth (Linley and Joseph, 2004)
1) Perceived changes in self
Becoming stronger
More confident
New awareness of a possible self authentic self
A ‘better self ’
Deeper
More open
More empathetic
More creative
More alive
More mature
More humanitarian
More special
More humble
(Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1995, p. 456).
2) Improved relationships
Closer relationships with family and/or friends
Neighbours
Fellow trauma survivors
Strangers
Find out who “True friends” are
3) Changing life philosophy/
increased existential awareness
Reflection of mortality
Meaning and purpose in life
Finding reasons/making meaning from the trauma
‘Vulnerability’ and ‘the shortness of time’
‘Once you worry about whether you are going to die, nothing else seems quite as
significant to worry about’
(Kennedy, Tellegen, Kennedy, & Havernick, 1976)
4) Changed priorities
How and with whom they decided to spend their day
Appearance
Nature
Monetary goods
Health
New appreciation of life (calling it a ‘gift’)
The ‘here and now’
Simple things
Time
Change life goals
Learn new skills
Go back to school
5) Enhanced spiritual beliefs
Increased spirituality
Return to faith
Spiritual practices
Praying
Attending church
Gratitude to God
Strengthening of faith
Bereavement
Importance and existence differs across culture
(Tedeschi et al., 2010)
Example of growth
“And it’s…and I feel my life’s better! I know it sounds
crazy (laughs), but I feel the quality of my life is better
because (sniffles) I’ve prioritized (sniffles) and I know what
matters.”
Brenda, Cancer survivor
Benefits of PTG
Improved Physical Functioning
Improved Psychological Functioning
Reduced substance misuse
Reduced distress, anxiety and
depression
Improved quality of life
Gender
Rumination
Age
Social
support
Coping
styles
PTG
Time since
trauma
SES
Personality
traits
Education
Trauma
severity
Physical activity and PTG
Physical activity and sport in facilitation and as an outcome of
posttraumatic growth
Breast cancer patients
Spinal cord injury
Paralympians
Severe and enduring mental health service users
Acquired disability
Very new research area
Predominantly qualitative research
Breast cancer patients
Exercise intervention during chemotherapy
Women attributed much of their process and outcomes of
PTG to the experience of participating in the exercise
programme during rehabilitation
Physical Activity as BOTH a facilitator and an outcome
Physical activity: “Savior” during difficult time
Healthy
distraction
Camaraderie
and positive
support
Normalized
activity
Purpose and
structure
Safe place
Expertise of
instructors
Active
coping
Physical activity as an outcome of PTG
Reconnection
to body
Body as a
barometer
Transference
of skills
The
somatopsychic
Principle
Responsibility
for own health
New health
behavoiurs
5-year follow up of physical activity intervention
70% of those who serendipitously reported PTG were
in the original exercise intervention
Suggests “window of opportunity” (teachable
moment)
(Mutrie et al., 2012; Hefferon, 2012; Hefferon et al., 2013; Murphy et al., in press)
Main Theme
Subtheme
Gone off track
Loss of physical self
Loss of confident self
Endeavour
Social re-integration
Free to ‘Be’
Class constituents
Wayne
Evoke power
Main Theme
Subtheme
Praise of class
A focused challenge
Healthy escape
Camaraderie
Wayne
Superstar status
Proxy Efficacy
Wayne's gym
Path to Metamorphosis
Lost and found
Somato-psychic principle
in practice
Heightened awareness of
health
Paralympians
(Kampan, 2013; Kampman and Hefferon, 2014;)
Body in
facilitating
PTG
Fundamental
route to
experiencing
(PTG)
Platform for
recovery
Provided
camaraderie
and
achievement
Promoted a
sense of
equality
Sport
Share
practical
ideas
Base for new
identity as an
athlete
Learn new
skills
Team as a
resource
Safe
environment
Reconnection to the body
(Hefferon, Grealy & Mutrie, 2009; 2010)
In traumas where the body has been damaged or altered, the body has been
found to be:
1) A vital component to the process and outcomes of PTG
2) Integral component to their self identity (influencing PTG facilitation)
NEW BODY
Fear of new
body
Systematic
decline in
functioning
Reconnection
to body
Achievement
of PTG
Participants discuss visceral experiences not mentioned in current tools
They can experience dramatic changes to their body which can make them
feel a sense of betrayal by their body (as the transgressor)
PTG can be experienced via the renegotiation of this corporeal relationship
Preliminary Model of Corporeal Posttraumatic growth (Hefferon, 2013)
Assumptive beliefs
Person-Pre trauma
Taken-for-granted body
Body-related traumatic event
(illness, injury)
The body is
used as a
facilitator
and as an
outcome of
PTG
Corporeal Awareness
Fear of New body
Sport and
Physical
activity
(Vengeful, loss of control)
Systematic decline in
functioning
(Alienation of body from the self)
Reconnection to body
New relationship with body
Listen
to body
Non-taken-for granted body
Increased awareness of health
Health behaviour changes
(Exercise and diet, cessation of negative health
behaviors)
Current Projects
Posttraumatic Growth Research Unit (UEL)
PTG and acquired disability within Paralympians
PTG and acquired disability within leisure sports
Passion, peak performance and PTG (Olympic and
Paralympic sports) (English Institute of Sport)
PTG and Wheelchair Basketball (London)
PTG interventions (E-mpower)
Corporeal Posttraumatic Growth Scale development
Conclusions and Considerations
Physical activity can be utlised to increase both physical and
psychological well being
Posttraumatic growth is the phenomenon of surpassing previous levels of
functioning than which existed before a traumatic event occurred
Research into Sport, Physical activity and PTG is a rapidly expanding
area
There is a need for further multi-method evaluations of these links
Ultimately, there is a need for a more corporeal approach to PTG
following trauma
Resources
www.katehefferon.com
Posttraumatic Growth Research
Unithttp://www.uel.ac.uk/psychology/research/PTGunit/
Hefferon, K. (2013). Positive Psychology and the Body: The
somatopsychic side to flourishing. London: Open University
Press.
Joseph, S. (2011). What Doesn't Kill Us Makes Us Stronger: The New
Psychology of Posttraumatic Growth. Basic Books.
Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth (CTRG) Nottingham University
http://www.nottinghamshirehealthcare.nhs.uk/our-services/localservices/specialist-services/prescribed-services/trauma/
University of Toronto Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education
http://physical.utoronto.ca/FacultyAndResearch/Research_Areas.aspx
Thank you
[email protected]
www.katehefferon.com
@katehefferon