Transcript File - Ninad`s research lab
AUTO TRAIN
SUBMITTED BY
• • •
ABSTRACT
In this project microcontroller used as CPU. Whenever the station arrives the train stops automatically.Then
the train door is opened so that the passenger enters inside and closes after the prescribed time set in the controller.It is equipped with a passenger counting section also which counts the number of passengers leaving and entering inside the train.
The counts are displayed on a seven segment LED display interfaced with microcontroller. The motion of the train is controlled by the Motor driver IC.
Before starting and after stopping train at station the controller blows the buzzer. Also the red and green signals are indicated using LEDs.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HARD WARE EQUIPMENTS
Microcontroller unit 8051 7-SEGMENT display IR Led's Photo Diodes MOTOR Driver L293D 12v Battery Crystal Oscillator Led's Buzzer DC Motors Diodes Capacitors Resistors Push Buttons
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Definition for
:-
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine.
An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine. An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
MICRO CONTROLLER
Compatible with MCS®-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHZ
Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Watchdog Timer
AT89S52
PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY
The segments themselves are identified with lower-case letters "a" through "g," with segment "a" at the top and then counting clockwise.
The LED’S in a seven-segment display are not isolated from each other. Rather, either all of the cathodes, or all of the anodes, are connected together into a common lead, while the other end of each LED is individually available.
This means fewer electrical connections to the package, and also allows us to easily enable or disable a particular digit by controlling the common lead.
There is no automatic advantage of the common-cathode seven-segment unit over the common-anode version, or vice versa. Each type lends itself to certain applications, configurations, and logic families.
BC547
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages.
It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter and after that only current will pass from collector to emitter
LED
LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until its white hot LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching
BATTERY
An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
The battery has become a common power source for many household, robotics and industrial applications
.
Larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers
Battery capacity and discharging
IR LED
• • • • An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength.
Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED.
To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.
Photo diode
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fibre connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device.
MOTOR driver l293d
• • • L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction.
Operation of motor driver
• • • L293D has 2 set of arrangements where one set has input 1, input 2, output 1 and output 2 and other set has input 3, input 4, output 3 and output 4, according to block diagram if pin no 2 & 7 are high then pin no 3 & 6 are also high.
If enable 1 and pin number 2 are high leaving pin number 7 as low then the motor rotates in forward direction.
If enable 2 and pin number 10 are high leaving pin number 15 as low then the motor rotates in forward direction.
Contd..
• • If enable 1 and pin number 2 are low leaving pin number 7 as high then the motor rotates in reverse direction.
If enable 2 and pin number 15 are high leaving pin number 10 as low then the motor rotates in forward direction .
DC- MOTOR
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism.
A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, magnet(s), and brushes
.
commutator, field
BUZZER
Piezo Buzzer
This buzzer is an piezo type audio signaling device, which has a piezo element and a oscillating circuit inside which oscillates the piezo brass base plate, which when given voltage difference produces sound of a predefined frequency.
Features
These high reliability piezo buzzers are applicable to general electronics equipment.
Compact, pin terminal type Piezo buzzer with 4 KHz output.
Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed circuit boards
.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Embedded C , ALP (Assembly Language) COMPILERS: Keil 2.0/3.0uv
DUMPING SOFT WARE: Using Micro controller flash Software we are dumping our HEX Code into Micro Controller
KEIL COMPILER WINDOW
BIBILOGRAPHY
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.
ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.
www.atmel.com
www.beyondlogic.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com