Transcript IAEA Small Quantities Protocol - International Nuclear Safeguards

Safeguards Policy Course – Monterey Institute of International Studies
June 2012
LLNL-PRES-559814
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department
of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract
DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC
Bill Moore
 The Small Quantities Protocol (SQP) allows a
NNWS that declares a lack of significant nuclear
activity to hold in abeyance the implementation
of most safeguards measures provided for in
Part II of INFCIRC/153
 A state is eligible for the SQP if it holds less than
the amount of nuclear material that could be
exempted from safeguards under Article 37 of
INFCIRC/153 and no nuclear facilities
 The SQP is an addendum to a states
Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA)
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 The purpose of IAEA safeguards was verification
of declared nuclear material in declared facilities
 Many NNWS that ratified the NPT had no
nuclear material and no nuclear activities
 Limited budget and manpower within the IAEA
required the development of a system to
prioritize needs and reduce redundancy
 Incentivize more States to join NPT by making
the conclusion of a CSA less burdensome
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 1968 - Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) negotiated and
ratified
• Article III requires NNWS to enter into a safeguards
agreement with the IAEA
 1971 - Model Safeguards Agreement approved by
IAEA Board of Governors (INFCIRC/153)
• The basis for negotiating Comprehensive Safeguards
Agreements (CSA) between IAEA and NNWS
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 1974 – “The Standard Text of Safeguards
Agreements in Connection with the Treaty on
the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”
(GOV/INF/276) was agreed upon by the BOG
• A listing of changes that could be made to standard
INFCIRC/153 text.
• The major substantive change was for NNWS that
declare no “significant nuclear activities”; they could
adopt the Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276
Annex B)
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 1991 – Discovery of Iraq’s
clandestine nuclear weapons
program drives IAEA towards
adopting a strengthened
safeguards regime
 1997 – IAEA adopts the Model
Additional Protocol (AP)
INFCIRC/540
 2005 IAEA adopts Modified Small Quantities Protocol
(GOV/INF/276/Mod.1)
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1) Report nuclear material
import / export
2) Provide design information
for any existing nuclear
facility
3) Provide notification to IAEA
6 months in advance of
introducing nuclear material
into a new facility
4) All provisions of Part II of
CSA held in abeyance
except articles 32, 33, 38,
41 and 90
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 The initial declaration that a
State might provide
establishing its eligibility for
an SQP may now be 25 years
old
 IAEA has no ability to verify
that this initial declaration, if it
exists, was or is still is true.
 IAEA has no right to conduct
inspections in SQP States *
 IAEA has no easy mechanism
to request further information
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 GOV/INF/276/Mod.1
 Approved by BOG
September, 2005
 Purpose is to address the
identified gaps in the
original text
 BOG agrees to only
approve modified SQP
going forward
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1) Provide an initial nuclear materials declaration
1) Annual reports required
2) Report nuclear material import / export
1) Including pre-34c material
3) Provide design information for any existing nuclear facility
4) Provide notification to IAEA as soon as a decision is made
to build a nuclear facility
5) As a result of a notification to the IAEA of a decision to
build a nuclear facility, Modified SQP immediately ceases
to apply
6) Holds in abeyance provisions of Part II of the CSA, with
the exception of Articles 32-38, 40, 48, 49, 59, 61, 67, 68,
70, 72-76, 82, 84-90, 94 and 95
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 The increased authority of the IAEA to conduct
safeguards inspections in Modified SQP States
STILL relies on the initial declaration. If the
facility and/or material is not declared in the
initial declaration, the IAEA has no authority to
conduct inspections
 EXCEPTION: IAEA holds the ability to conduct a
special inspection (INFCIRC/153 Part 1, Article
18)
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1)
Barbados
16)
Nepal
2)
Belize
17)
Oman
3)
Bhutan
18)
Papa New Guinea
4)
Bolivia
19)
St. Kitts & Nevis
5)
Brunei Darussalam
20)
Saint Lucia
6)
Cambodia
21)
St. V. & The Grandines
7)
Cameroon
22)
Samoa
8)
Dominica
23)
Saudi Arabia
9)
Ethiopia
24)
Sierra Leone
10)
Grenada
25)
Solomon Islands
11)
Guyana
26)
Sudan
12)
Lao P.D.R
27)
Suriname
13)
Maldives
28)
Tonga
14)
Myanmar
29)
Trinidad & Tobago
15)
Nauru
30)
Tuvulu
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31)
Yemen
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1)
Antigua and Barbados
20)
Guatemala
39)
Republic of Moldova
2)
Azerbaijan
21)
Guinea
40)
Rwanda
3)
The Bahamas
22)
Holy See
41)
San Marino
4)
Bahrain
23)
Honduras
42)
Senegal
5)
Benin
24)
Iceland
43)
Seychelles
6)
Burkina Fasso
25)
Kenya
44)
Singapore
7)
Burundi
26)
Lebanon
45)
Swaziland
8)
Cape Verde
27)
Lesotho
46)
Tajikistan
9)
Central African Republic
28)
Madagascar
47)
The F.Y.R. of Macedonia
10)
Chad
29)
Malawi
48)
Timor-Leste
11)
Comoros
30)
Mali
49)
Togo
12)
Congo
31)
Mauritius
50)
Uganda
13)
Costa Rica
32)
Monaco
51)
United Rep. of Tanzania
14)
Croatia
33)
Montenegro
52)
Vanuatu
15)
Djibouti
34)
Mozambique
53)
Zimbabwe
16)
Dominican Republic
35)
Nicaragua
17)
Ecuador
36)
Palau
18)
El Salvador
37)
Panama
19)
Gambia
38)
Qatar
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1)
Antigua and Barbados
20)
Guatemala
39)
Republic of Moldova
2)
Azerbaijan
21)
Guinea
40)
Rwanda
3)
The Bahamas
22)
Holy See
41)
San Marino
4)
Bahrain
23)
Honduras
42)
Senegal
5)
Benin
24)
Iceland
43)
Seychelles
6)
Burkina Fasso
25)
Kenya
44)
Singapore
7)
Burundi
26)
Lebanon
45)
Swaziland
8)
Cape Verde
27)
Lesotho
46)
Tajikistan
9)
Central African Republic
28)
Madagascar
47)
The F.Y.R. of Macedonia
10)
Chad
29)
Malawi
48)
Timor-Leste
11)
Comoros
30)
Mali
49)
Togo
12)
Congo
31)
Mauritius
50)
Uganda
13)
Costa Rica
32)
Monaco
51)
United Rep. of Tanzania
14)
Croatia
33)
Montenegro
52)
Vanuatu
15)
Djibouti
34)
Mozambique
53)
Zimbabwe
16)
Dominican Republic
35)
Nicaragua
17)
Ecuador
36)
Palau
18)
El Salvador
37)
Panama
19)
Gambia
38)
Qatar
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 Since the adoption by the BOG in 2005 of the
Modified SQP, the IAEA has exchanged letters
with SQP States and held workshops to
encourage engagement
 As of 2012, 53 of 84 SQP NNWS have adopted
the modified text
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QUESTIONS??
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