THE COLD WAR UNIT 7

Chapter 26 – The Cold War Chapter 29 – The Kennedy & Johnson Years

Presidents of the United States

                    George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880)

#21 - …

  Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)  Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)  Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)  William McKinley; Republican (1896)  Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)  William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)  Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)  Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)  Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)  Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)  Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932) 

Harry S. Truman; Democrat (1945)

 Dwight D. Eisenhower; Republican (1952)  John F. Kennedy; Democrat (1960)  Lyndon B. Johnson; Democrat (1963)

America: Pathways to the Present

Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960)

Section 1: Origins of the Cold War

Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up

Section 3: The Korean War Section 4: The Continuing Cold War

OBJECTIVES

      

CORE OBJECTIVE:

Analyze the origins of the Cold War



and evaluate the presidential foreign policies during the Cold War. Objective 10.1

: How did the differing postwar goals of the Soviet Union and the United States lead to the Cold War?

Objective 10.2

: How did the goals of containment influence events in the late 1940’s?

Objective 10.3

: Explain the Causes and effects of the Korean War.

Objective 10.4

: Describe characteristics of the McCarthy Era.

Objective 10.5

: Describe the domestic programs pursued by President Kennedy.

Objective 10.6

: Describe the foreign policy Cold War crises that occurred during Kennedy’s presidency.

Objective 10.7

: Explain the goals and effects of President Johnson’s domestic programs.

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

CHAPTER 26 SECTION 2

The Marshall Plan

 The United States wanted to help European nations recover from the war and become economically strong democracies.  It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in Europe.

 The

Marshall Plan

was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to achieve these goals.  According to the Marshall Plan, participating nations would design recovery programs and would receive financial aid from the United States.

 Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan, receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.

The Berlin Airlift

 As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in Communist East Germany, was divided into West Berlin (capitalist) and East Berlin (Communist).

 In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany, creating a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city.

 In response, Allied nations began the West Berlin via air.

Berlin airlift

, which delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to  Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.

NATO

Why create a treaty organization?

 Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems.

 The United States sought to avoid the problems of post–World War I isolationism.

What was NATO?



The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

was formed in April 1949.

 In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against attack, a principle known as collective security .

 The United States did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism. A Canadian role in the treaty organization would be vital.

 In response, the Soviet Union created the

Warsaw Pact

, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.

Communist Advances

The Soviet Atomic Threat China Falls to the Communists

 In September 1949, Truman announced that the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb.

 In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful hydrogen bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s leading nuclear power.

 The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a nuclear attack; this information was ridiculed by experts.

 During World War II, competing factions in China had cooperated, but fighting between them resumed towards the end of the war.

 At first, the United States supported Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against Communist Mao Zedong. However, the United States later decided to focus on Western Europe instead.

 Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a Communist state in China as a failure of Truman’s policies.

The Cold War at Home

 During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate of suspicion in the United States.

 Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947, checking the backgrounds of all new and existing federal employees.

 The

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Communist leanings. began investigating Hollywood personalities who the committee claimed, had  When one group, known as the

Hollywood Ten

, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were cited for contempt of Congress and imprisoned.

 Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers naming persons who should not be hired.  Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who seemed subversive.

The Cold War at Home

 Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist countries, the 1952

McCarran-Walter Act

reestablished the immigration quota system from 1924.

 This act discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central Europe.

 Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the United States were sharing American secrets with foreign Communists.    These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

Alger Hiss was a former government employee sent to prison for four years for lying to a federal grand jury on espionage. (1950) The Rosenbergs were executed for being communist spies in 1953

The Cold War Heats Up— Assessment

Which of these phrases best describes NATO? (A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations (B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations (C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery (D) A regional group within the United Nations Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?

(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems.

(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.

(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed. (D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.

The Cold War Heats Up— Assessment

Which of these phrases best describes NATO?

(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations

(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations (C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery (D) A regional group within the United Nations Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?

(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems.

(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.

(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed. (D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.