Transcript 立论：阐释辩题
China Debate Education Network: Roles and Strategies for the First Government Team 正方上院：角色与策略 翻译：曾庆熹 Contents: 目录 I. Constructing a Case: The Role of the Prime Minister 首相角色：立论 II. Role of Deputy Prime Minister: the Case 副首相角色：支持立论 II. Examples of Cases Supporting 立论举例 II. Interactive practices 互动练习（译者注：原作未含） 2 Constructing a Case: The Role of the Prime Minister 首相角色：立论 • Analyze the motion 分析辩题 • Define and interpret the motion 定义与阐释辩题 • Present a model* of the motion 为辩题设立并阐述一个讨论模型* • Create a case for the motion 为辩题立论 *译者注：这是华语辩手最难理解的一个地方，简言之就是对辩题做具体化， 把抽象宏观的辩题窄化为具体的情境。这在华语辩论中被视为操作定义扭曲 辩题的严重错误，但在此是必须的基本规则。高度重视这样的区别。 3 Constructing a Case: Analyze the Motion 立论：分析辩题 • Focus attention on different ways to interpret the motion 重点关注阐释辩题的多 种方式 • Focus attention on what should be expected重点关注辩题中被期待*的部分 • Focus attention on the type of motion重点 关注辩题类型 *译者注：意即人们看到该辩题时大都会想到的应该会被讨论的内容，又称“普遍期待” 4 Constructing a Case: Defining and Interpreting 立论：定义和阐释 • 1st Government team has the right to define and interpret the motion.正上队有权力定义和阐释辩 题 • 1st Government team has the responsibility to do so in a reasonable manner正上队有责任以合理 的方式去定义和阐释辩题 • Defining: Ambiguous terms in the motion定义辩 题中模棱两可的概念 • Interpreting: Narrowing the motion for debate 阐释：窄化辩题以（更有针对性地）辩论（防止“打定义”—译注） 5 Constructing a Case: Defining Ambiguous Terms 立论：定义模糊概念 • Does the motion include terms that might be unclear? 辩题中是否包含模棱两可的概念？ • Motion: “Israel should change its policies toward Palestinians.”辩题“以色列应改变其对巴勒斯坦人 的政策” • Definition: “Palestinians” include citizens of the West Bank and Gaza as well as Arab citizens of the State of Israel.定义：“巴勒斯坦人”包 括约旦河西岸和加沙地区的以及以色列境内的阿拉伯人 6 Constructing a Case: Interpreting the Motion 立论：阐释辩题 • Interpreting the motion means narrowing it for the purposes of debate.阐释辩题：为了（更好地）辩论而将 辩题窄化 • Motion: “Israel should change its policies toward Palestinians.”辩题“以色列应改变其对巴勒斯坦人的政策” • Interpretation: For the purposes of this debate we will interpret (narrow) the motion to include only Arab citizens of the State of Israel.阐释：为了实现本次辩论的目的， 我们将辩题阐释（窄化）为仅针对以色列境内的阿拉伯人。 7 Presenting the Model of the Motion 设立并阐述讨论模型 • If the motion is about assigning value, then the model simply needs to be a clear statement of the focus and direction for the debate. 如果辩题是价值层面 的，那么讨论模型可以仅仅简单地设立为对辩论方向和焦点的清晰阐述。 • If the motion is about a policy or action, then model should contain at least three things如果辩题是 政策或操作层面的，那么讨论模型就应当至少包括以下三项: – Actor 行为主体 – proposed action 建议采取的措施 – other details 其他有关细节 8 Constructing Arguments to Support the Model 建构论点支撑讨论模型 • Principled arguments, usually grounded in morals and ethics, focus on the inherent rightness or wrongness of an action原则型论点，通常基于道德 伦理，关注某行为内在的好坏善恶 • Consequential arguments, grounded in the effects or outcomes of policies or actions.后果型论 点，基于政策或行为的影响与后果 9 Principled Arguments to Support a Motion 用原则型论点支撑辩题 • Motion: Mohandas Gandhi was one of the world‘s greatest leaders 辩题：莫汉达斯·甘地是世界上最伟大的领袖之一 • Description: Mohandas Gandhi employed civil disobedience throughout his life. 描述：甘地一生致力于“公民不服从”（即“非暴力不合作运动”） • Association: Civil disobedience supports the principle of nonviolence. 关系： “公民不服从”符合非暴力的原则 • Evaluation: Non-violence is one of the most important principles the world has ever known. 评估：非暴力原则是迄今为止世界上最重要的原则 10 Consequential Arguments to Support a Motion 用后果型论点支撑辩题 • Motion: Mao Zedong was one of the world’s greatest leader 辩题：毛泽东是世界上最伟大的领袖之一 • Description: Mao Zedong created the Chinese Communist Party. 描述：毛泽东建立了中国共产党 • Association: The Chinese Communist Party raised the standard of living for millions of Chinese citizens. • 关系：中国共产党提升了亿万中国公民的生活水平 • Evaluation: Few people in the world have had such positive effects on the lives of millions of people. • 评估：这个世界上只有极少数人能对亿万人的生活产生这样的积极 影响。 11 Role of Deputy Prime Minister 副首相职责 • Providing refutation (Later lesson on refutation) 提供反驳（后面的课程会专门涉及） • Add something new to the case, like a new principled argument, a new consequential argument, or more detailed support for an existing argument 为立论增加新内容，比如 新的原则或后果论点，或者为支撑既有论点增 添新细节 12