Transcript Kinetic Theory of Matter Notes

Bell Work 10/23/13 – 3 min
Start a new bell work sheet. Write
“Kinetic Theory of Matter” at the top.
1. Define temperature in your own words.
2. Describe what happens to the water.
3. Why do you think this happens? Guess!
• Monday
– Quiz on Newton’s 3rd Law
– Notes on KToM & States
• Tuesday
– Notes on phase changes
– Preview lab?
Turn in Newton’s 3rd Law Lab
• Wednesday
– Lab
• Thursday
– Notes on heating & cooling curves
• Friday
•
•
Notes on specific heat
Work on study guide
• Monday
– Review study guide
– Review for quiz
• Tuesday
– Quiz
Turn in Lab
Kinetic Theory of Matter
The 4 states of matter and the
phases changes between them.
Today you are going to… take notes and witness
awesome demos on the Kinetic Theory of Matter.
So you can… begin to consider matter on a molecular
level & explain what temperature is and how it affects
matter
You’ll know you’ve got it when…you can
• Define: matter, absolute zero, temperature
• Explain the Kinetic Theory of Matter
• Identify 3 temperature scales and know absolute zero,
melting points, and boiling points of water for each
• Explain & give examples of thermal expansion
• Identify & describe the 4 states of matter
First…what’s matter?
Anything that has mass & volume
OR
Anything exhibiting property of inertia
inertia - resistance to change in motion
– more mass = more inertia (harder to move or stop)
What’s mass?
The amount of matter in a substance
OR
A measurement of the amount of inertia in an object
(medicine ball demo)
Next…what’s kinetic mean?
KINETIC means MOVING
Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
• matter is made up of tiny particles called
atoms that are in constant motion unless
their temperature is at Absolute Zero
– Absolute zero
• the coldest anything could ever be – a theoretical
temperature
• Zero thermal energy…atoms are completely still
– Superfluid Helium @ -269 oC
Temperature
• Temperature – the average kinetic energy
of the molecules in a substance
• Measured in degrees Fahrenheit, degrees
Celsius, or Kelvin
Bell Work 1/27/15 – 3 min
1. Give the Kinetic Theory of Matter (your
own words or the words we used).
Include all 3 parts.
2. If something is getting “hotter”, what is it
really happening to it?
Turn in your labs!
• matter is made up of tiny particles called
atoms that are in constant motion unless
their temperature is at Absolute Zero
Key Temperatures
oC
oF
• Hot beverage
77°C
170°F
• Room temp.
21°C
70°F
K
• Water boils
• Water freezes
• Absolute Zero
- 273°C −459.67 °F
What is a state of matter?
• A state of matter is
– one of the four principal conditions in which matter
exists
– AKA “phase” of matter
• The state of matter is in depends on its
temperature.
The four states (phases) of
matter are:
•
•
•
•
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Solids
• Lowest energy
• Particles are closest together, so they
have a lower volume and, consequently,
are more dense. Densest!
• Particles can only vibrate.
• Solids have a definite shape and volume.
Is glass solid?
2 kinds of solids
• Crystalline solids – made up of tiny,
repeating geometric shapes
– Ex. Sugar, salt, aluminum, steel,
• Amorphous Solids – not made up of
crystals, softer (more malleable)
– Cross between liquid & solid
– wax, plastic, glass
Draw solids
Add a little heat and what happens?
Thermal Expansion – tendency of matter’s
volume to increase as temperature increases
Occurs in all states of matter
Demos! bimetal strip & ball & hoop
Put ball in glass of water to cool & what happens??
Add more heat and what do you
get??
Liquids
• More energy than solids
• Particles are still bound together, but not as tightly.
Therefore, there is an increased volume, so liquids
are less dense than solids.*
• Have a definite volume, but does NOT have a
definite shape
– the particles are too loosely bound
• Liquids are considered to be fluid
– Fluid - the inability of the matter to retain it’s own shape.
• Ex?
Draw Liquids
Add heat and what do you get??
Gases
• More energy than liquids
• The particles are so energized, that they
break apart from each other.
– maximum volume (will fill any container they
are in)
– Are compressible!
– have a very low density.
• no definite shape or volume due to the
lack of attachment of particles.
Gases
• Gasses will diffuse.
– Diffusion - spread out & fill room
• Gases are considered to be fluid due to
their inability to retain their shape shape.
• Ex?
Gases
Bell Work 10/25 – 5 minutes
K
1.
2.
3.
4.
oC
oF
Water boils at
Water freezes at
Absolute Zero is
When you heat a solid, it _________. If you heat the
solid further, it _______, turning into a _______. If
you heat it further, it ________, turning into a
______.
5. If you heat it further, it will become so hot that the
atoms lose their _________, becoming ions. This
state of matter is called _________.
If you add enough heat, what do
you get???
Plasma
• highest energy
• similar to gases , but particles are so hot (so
energized) that they lose electrons,
becoming ions.
– Ions are charged particles!
• made up of particles that are completely
separated from each other
• Least dense phase of matter
• Plasmas are considered to be _______due
their inability to retain their own shape.
Plasma
• Rare on Earth, but most common form of
matter in the universe
• Stars are made of plasma.
Plasma is NOT Blood Plasma
To sum it all up go to the website
listed below:
• http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms
/states.html
Bell Work 2/2
• Turn in your lab!
• Get your notes out!
• Do # 1- 10 on your study guide
• Missing demo sheets!
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES
______________– a phase change in which a liquid becomes a
gas
Boiling – to change from liquid to gas rapidly by heating
______________– phase change in which a gas becomes a
liquid.
PHASE CHANGES
_____________– liquid is cooled and becomes a solid
_____________ – solid is heated and becomes a liquid
PHASE CHANGES
Sublimation – solid goes directly to gas
PHASE CHANGES
Deposition – gas goes directly to solid
Phase Changes of H2O at STP
Water freezes at
Ice melts at
Water boils at
Water condenses at
Bell Work 10/28/13 – 3 min
Get your homework out to be checked!
1. Which has more energy, ice at 0oF or
water at 0oC? Explain! (What can
particles in one do that particles in the
other can’t?)
Lab Notes Ahead
Graph?
Take your homework out.
• NOW!
Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
• It can change from one form to another
• Energy cannot just disappear!!!
Heating & Cooling Curve Lab
Today you are going to…create a heating curve for
water & a cooling curve for wax.
So you can…discover what happens when a substance
goes through a phase change
You’ll know you’ve got it when…you can
• Explain what is happening for each segment
of a temperature vs. time graph
If you were to graph the temperature
changes as heat energy is added to
a substance, what would it look like?
• What type of graph would you choose?
• What would be the independent variable?
• What would be the dependent variable?
•Make your prediction graph now
•Include both axes and units, but you don’t write
numbers on the axes
Lab Procedures Grade (5 pts)
•
•
•
•
BE CAREFUL
Group behavior affects group lab grade.
Stay in group
Each person actively working the whole time (3 roles)
– Timer/Recorder
– Water stirrer
– Wax watcher
• Leave wax in the container so you don’t spill it or break the test tube
• Thermometer – don’t touch it to the bottom
– Keep it in the water while taking the temperature
– While taking temp, don’t take it out or touch sides
– Stir constantly
• Timer – runs constantly…DON’T STOP IT!
Lab Procedures Grade (5 pts)
• Note on chart when all ice melted & when it starts
to boil
• Clean up & start working on graph when finished
–
–
–
–
Turn off & unplug hotplate
Leave water on hotplate
Put thermometers away
Put wax back in water bath (thermometer will be stuck in)
• Carry test tube in the containter. DON’T CARRY IT BY THE
THERMOMETER
• HW finish graph, will be checked at beginning of class
tomorrow
– Make it take almost the whole page
– Include title
– Label both axes and include units
LAB!
• Don’t do the following notes until we do
the lab. Specific heat notes at the end are
ok though.
Bell Work 10/29/13 – 1 minute
1. What was strange about the
temperatures in yesterday’s lab?
Bell Work 10/22/12 – Take your lab & graph out & put it
upside-down on your desk.
1. Is the below graph a cooling curve or a heating curve?
2. Identify what is happening to the substance at each graph
segment (a,b,c,d,e). (boiling, melting, heating, ect.)
3. W5SAYWoS
Today you are going to…discuss heating & cooling
curves, identify their parts, and answer accompanying
questions.
So you can…develop an understanding of how the
graph relates to what’s actually happening
You’ll know you’ve got it when…you can
• Explain what is happening for each segment
of a temperature vs. time graph
Temperature
Heating curve – shows the effect of adding
heat to a substance.
Time
Temperature
Cooling curve – shows the effect of
removing heat from a substance
Time
Let’s look at one more heating curve and see if
you understand what you are looking at.
Let’s look at one more heating curve and see if
you understand what you are looking at.
Let’s look at one more heating curve and see if
you understand what you are looking at.
• Endothermic or exothermic?
• Is energy absorbed or released during:
– Melting
– Evaporation
– Sublimation
– Condensation
– Freezing (hand warmer demo!)
– Deposition
• Freezing water w/out heat!
Bell Work 10/24/12
Need heating & cooling curves of other liquids
(mercury)
Students could also determine specific heat on them!
Could do specific heat problems
More on specific heat of metals? Put question on test
involving sp heat demo. Add questions about other
demos!
What state would alcohol be in at ___o?
Include sublimation and deposition
Look up info on conductors, insulators, and
specific heat.
Include heat of vaporization? Which
requires more energy, melting or boiling?
Bell Work 10/24/12
1. Is this a heating curve or a cooling curve?
2. Identify the melting point and boiling point
3. What state is it in at point A?
Bell Work 11/1/13 – 3 min
How can you do the following without a refrigerator
or stove/heater?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Keep ice-cream cold
Keep soup warm
Cool soup off
Cool solid off quickly
Which block will melt ice faster, A or B?
Make room temperature object colder quickly
Today you are going to…take notes and see two
awesome demos on specific heat, conductors, and
insulators.
Review the study guide.
So you can…further understand how various materials
respond to being heated.
Be better at controlling the temperature of objects
You’ll know you’ve got it when you can …
• explain the concept of specific heat and define
conductors & insulators.
• Do well on the test!
Which is warmer?
• Blocks!!!!
SH Demo
SH Demo
Bonus: Matt runs 3.50 miles. How many feet was
this? Must use the factor label method & have
correct sig figs!
Explain what happened in
This demo & why. (c.s.) 
We heated the center of the
metal and the cheese melted
& fell of each spoke at a
different time.
You have a cooler full of ice water.
What’s the temperature? Should you
dump the water out?
Specific Heat
• The amount of energy required to raise 1
gram of a substance 1 Kelvin.
• Determines how fast something heats up
or cools down
• Water has a _______ specific heat.
Conductors
Conductor - material which permits energy to flow easily
• Conduct heat & electricity
• Have low specific heat.
– (It doesn’t take much energy to raise their temperature.)
• Examples
– Metals
Insulators
• Insulators
– An insulator is a material which doesn’t permit
energy to flow easily.
– Insulators have high specific heats
– Examples?
• Air!
– Styrofoam
– Coffee Mug
Insulators & Conductors
• What are good heat insulators?
Conductors?
• How can you keep something cold longer?
• How can you cool something off quickly?
STOP
•STOP
Bell Work 10/16/12 – 4 min
Start a new bell work sheet. Write
“Kinetic Theory of Matter” at the top.
1. Define matter in your own words.
2. What is matter made of?
3. Define temperature in your own words.
4. W5SAYWoS
Improvements
Students could also determine specific heat on them!
Could do specific heat problems
More on specific heat of metals? Put question on test involving sp heat demo.
Add questions about other demos!
Include how refrigerators work, article on p.79
Good graph question on 95, #17 # 5-8 p. 97 (generally good questions on this page)
Need heating & cooling curves of other liquids (mercury) (ethylene glycol on p. 95)
What state would alcohol be in at ___o?
Look up info on conductors, insulators, and specific heat.
Include heat of vaporization? Which requires more energy, melting or boiling?
Freezing point of mercury
ADD PLASMA TRICKS TO MATTER PPT
Plasmas conduct electricity and are affected by magnets
Require energy source to exist, heat of sun, electric current, laser, lightning, arc
welder,
Compare shape and volume of solids, liquids, and gases is a good question.
Boil water in bell jar & take temperature before and after
Bell Work 10/4 – 2 min
• Which state(s) of matter…
1. densest
2. least dense
3. diffuses
4. No definite shape
5. Has most energy
6. Least energy
7. Most common in solar system
Bell Work 10/6 – 2 min
1.
2.
3.
4.
PHASE CHANGES
When a solid turns to a liquid, it’s called ___.
When a liquid turns to a solid, it’s called ___.
When a liquid turns to a gas, it’s called ___.
When a gas turns to a liquid, it’s called ___.
5. What happens to temperature of a substance
during a phase change?
Bell Work 10/ 7 – 5 minutes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NEW SHEET, NEW UNIT!!
Kinetic means ___.
How hard it is to change the motion of
something is called ___.
What are the two definitions of mass, and
which do you like better? Why?
Water freezes at ___ K, ___ oC, ___ oF
Water boils at
___ K, ___ oC, ___ oF
• If three cats catch three mice in three
minutes, how many cats would be
needed to catch 100 mice in 100
minutes?
• A team of cats can catch mice at a rate
of 1 mouse/minute. How many teams
of cats would it take to catch 100 mice
in 100 minutes?
Bonus Riddle
Four men sat down to play. They
played all night till break of day. They
played for gold and not for fun, with
separate scores for everyone. When
they had come to square accounts,
they all had made quite fair amounts.
Can you the paradox explain. If no one
lost, how all could gain?
Happy 17th Birthday Anissa!