Transcript Observation
Warm-up (8/28 & 8/29)
• Last half of your notebook OR sheet of paper “WARM-UPS #1” and YOUR NAME Put today’s date in the margin Write Questions and Answers 1.
What is the most important safety rule?
2.
What does a beaker look like when it is hot?
3.
What do you think a good scientific experiment should include?
SAFETY QUIZ NEXT CLASS!
Today
• • • • • Attendance/ Seating Charts Lab Safety Black Boxes Tricky Tracks Checks Lab
HW
• • Controlled Experiment WS Study For Safety Quiz – Flinn Contract – Appendix B – back of Bio book
Homework
WRITE THIS DOWN!
Overall Safety Themes
• • • Always follow the teacher’s directions and/or the instructions of the lab If there is a problem, always tell a teacher Never use anything unlabeled or not designated for lab
• Video
Safety in this lab
In this room
Never heat a liquid in a closed container Stoppers are OK if there is no heat No stoppers More than one test tube can be heated at a time.
Pour a cid into w ater
.
Acid H 2 O
Hot water bath – used for heating volatile (easily flammable) liquids. Hot plate Ø No volatile liquids With a Bunsen burner
MSDS
Diamond Hazards
Scalpel hold like a pencil. Cut away from yourself and others.
Bacteria cultures Culture only nonpathogen bacteria.
Nonpathogen means NOT disease causing All cultures must be disposed of by the teacher.
Pipette –precise measurement for tiny amounts Micropipette Dropper pipette – Measurement not precise
Graduated Cylinder Graduated cylinder – measures volume in milliliters, ml.
Meniscus – Curve of liquid. Measure from the bottom of the curve.
Today
• Objectives: – What is Science?
– What is within the realm of Science?
– What is the difference between an
observation
and an
inference
?
• Relevance: – Our definition of Science will direct us throughout the year
Mystery Boxes
• • • Each box has a vertical barrier(s) inside of it Your job is to figure out the configuration of it Have 1 recorder in the group to record – Any guesses – Any thought process you went through to prove (disprove) each guess – Final configuration
Sample configurations
Hole in the middle
Sample configurations
3, 4 2 1, 5, 10 Hole in the middle 8, 9 6,7
Mystery Box
• • • As you gather more information, explanations/answers may change.
This is how Science works!
Over the next couple of days, we are going to define what Science really is and use this definition throughout the year.
Before we get going, let’s take a look back
Black Boxes
We can’t see inside, so we guess how it works based on what goes in and what comes out
1 black box after another
400 BC: Hippocrates and the 4 Humours
• • Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm Believed that sickness was caused by an imbalance in the humours • Led to blood letting and medicines that induced vomiting and bowel movements
Maternal Imprintation
• Believed that thoughts a pregnant woman had would be transferred to her child
Spontaneous Generation
• Believed that living organisms could arise from non-living matter
Led to recipes for organisms
• Making a scorpion 1. Place basil between 2 bricks 2. Place the bricks in sunlight 3. Wait It was believed that cockroaches were formed from crumbs on the bakery floor!
200AD – Galen (physician in Rome) •Knew heart pumped blood •Thought the heart irrigated the organs with blood and made knew blood all the time •This idea was taught for 1500 years
1700’s – William Harvey
• • • Discovered blood was pumped in a continuous circuit Calculated that it was impossible for the heart to make 540 pounds of blood that it pumps in 1 hour Coupled logical reasoning with calculation of an unobservable activity which led to more advances in Science
So have we answered all of life’s big questions?
Perception Activity
Make observations
Figure 7
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
•
Observation
– something experienced through the 5 senses (Ex. There are 2 sets of tracks – 1 larger than the other) •
Inference
– using prior knowledge to further explain the presence of an observation (Ex. The larger track was made by a larger bird) – Different inferences can be drawn from the same observations – Inferences can become the basis of a hypothesis
Checks Lab
• • • • • • • • Draw 3 checks out of the envelope Write initial hypothesis in notebook Draw 3 more checks Write hypothesis # 2 (should be # 2) Draw 3 more checks Write hypothesis # 3 Draw out the remainder of the checks Write a conclusion
Wrap-up
• • Some things aren’t always as they seem.
We must be careful not to classify inferences as observations.
• We must frequently re-evaluate our inferences as new information comes to light.
DAY THREE
Warm-up (8/29 & 8/30)
Continue Warm Ups below the last one Write QUESTION and ANSWER or RESTATE the Q
1. Write down one
OBSERVATION
in this classroom.
you make 2. Write an
INFERENCE
that you make based on the above observation.
3. True or False: Eye glasses are acceptable as protective eye-ware in the lab.
HW
• • • Science Knowledge Survey Read Section 1-1 Bring in supplies (esp. paper towels!)
Today
• • • • Safety Quiz Checks lab wrap up Review I/O HW Science Sorting Activity what
IS
science?
#12:
Safety Quiz
Lubricant #21: Cross out Question and Mark ABCDE on Scantron #’s 22-35: T (A) or F (B) #33: Read “all chemical/ biohazardous labs”
Checks Activity
• • • Collect data from ALL checks Final Conclusions You will share your story with the class
Checks - Wrap-up
• • Some things aren’t always as they seem.
We must be careful not to classify inferences as observations.
• We must frequently re-evaluate our inferences as new information comes to light.
Observation/ Inference WS
Activity
• As a group, take the statements in the envelope and organize into groups as you see fit • Be ready to explain why you put them in the groups that you did • You have 5 minutes
What is Science?
• As a table, pick one of the statements from the last activity and justify whether or not it is science • Whiteboard your rational using multiple evidences to support your claim
Today 9/3 & 9/4
• • • • No warm up today Go over Science Knowledge Survey CONPTT and Experimental Design Notes Design and run Quicker Picker Upper Lab
•
BIEL: TAKE ATTENDANCE!!
Evaluate Your NOS Understanding • Nature of Science Knowledge Survey – Take 5 minutes to individually complete the NOS survey – Use a star to mark 3 statements you answered with confidence or certainty – Use a question mark
?
to mark 3 statements you are unsure of or require further clarification
• • Science Knowledge Survey Design Quicker Picker Upper Lab
Criteria for Science • • • • • • CONPTT Consistent Observable Natural Predictable Testable Tentative
Source: Evolution and Nature of Science Institute (ENSI) www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb
– C onsistency: • repeated results or observations – O bservability: • event or evidence can be perceived using human senses – N atural: • observable causes explain how and why events occur – P redictability: • observation or extension of data can forecast a future event – T estability: • predictions can be tested using scientific methods – T entativeness • Science is a dynamic • Revisions, corrections, or disproval of theories occurs as new information and technology becomes available
Conclusion
• Science is limited
Experimental Design
How do you know she’s a witch?
THE QUICKER PICKER UPPER
•
Purpose:
–
To investigate how science works
–
To demonstrate knowledge of correct lab report format
Pre-lab to turn-in: 1 sheet per group
1.
Write a definition of “Quicker picker upper” 2.
Write the problem for the experiment 3.
Write a hypothesis for the experiment 4.
List the materials/equipment that will be used 5.
Draw/list the steps of the procedure 6.
Create the data tables that will be needed 7.
Put all names of group members on the paper
After 3 trials…
• • Calculate the average Assess the data and write a conclusion (several sentences… is hyp true or not, support with data… use terms/ vocab from the lab…) • Clean up your lab table and return supplies • Come back to your desk and begin the Simpson’s homework
Big Bang Theory
An experiment needs:
•
To test only one variable
•
All other variables are constant
•
Example
: To test which fertilizer is the most effective, the
variable
is the type of fertilizer.
•What should you keep
constant?
An experiment needs:
• •
Control Group
– Where all factors are standard or kept the same. This is the group to which you compare your experimental group
Experimental (Variable) Group
– All conditions are kept constant
EXCEPT
for the variable
A
Experiment
B C D
What group is the control group?
An experiment needs:
•
Independent (Manipulated) Variable
– The factor that you deliberately change (fertilizer) •
Dependent (Responding) Variable
– The factor that changes in response to the manipulated variable (plant growth)
An experiment needs: •
Data-
the more trials or the larger the sample size, the more reliable your data will be.
•Quantitative- numerical data •Qualitative- descriptive data •Your data will need to be organized so that the result is clear.
Data Collections
Beaker Test Tube Pipette Which is the most precise?
Graduated Cylinder
Meniscus
• Accurate- the ability of a measurement to match the actual quantity being measured – The true value • Precision – exactness; repeatability – I measured the volume 10 times and got the same value each time.
– This is why we run multiple trials
An experiment needs…
•
Conclusions-
your experimental results need to be communicated to
•
Hypothesis-
the prediction and the thinking behind your prediction… TESTABLE •For example: Fertilizer A will be the most effective in aiding plant growth because it contains the most nutrients.
•
Theory-
after many hypotheses have been tested and have not been proven incorrect, the hypotheses will become a part of a
theory.
•
Theory-
–
How have you heard this word used in “the real world”?
–
Why is it important that we know the scientific definition?
•
Law-
a mathematical explanation of a repeated occurrence (F=ma, etc.)
Simpsons Worksheet
Warm Up 9/5 & 9/6
1.
What does CONPTT stand for (6 words)?
2.
Can science explain
supernatural
phenomena? Why or why not?
3.
True or False: scientific theories can be revised.
4.
What can you rely on to make observations?
HW
• • Graphing WS Read Appendix A and section 1-2
Today
• • • • • Go over Simpson’s HW Study for Quiz #1 (5 min) – CONPTT, observation vs. inference QUIZ #1 Finish Expt’l design and graphing notes Start Graphing HW
Simpson WS answers
• 1.
2.
3.
4.
Check your answers – Simpsons w/s Group B – no special juice Being given special juice or not # of stacks of paper made (productivity) The special juice did not increase productivity
Experiment 2
6. The shower was covered with slime 7. The half of the shower sprayed with water 8. coconut juice vs water (type of liquid applied) 9. The appearance of the green slime (growth) 10. The coconut juice did not stop the growth of the green slime
Experiment 3
11. Mice not exposed to microwaves 12. Presence or absence of microwaves 13. Ability to push the block of wood out of the way (strength) 14. Microwaves do not increase the strength of the mice (Inconclusive) 15. Larger sampling
Experiment 4
16. Subject A with the original itching powder 17. Type of itching powder 18. Time that each person itches 19. Yes, itchiness increased 50% (30 to 45 minutes)
Experiment 5
Control - Person(s) without Rogooti Independent Variable - Presence or absence of Rogooti (type of hair product) Dependent Variable - Growth rate of hair
Quiz #1
• Quiz will begin in 5 min. You may study until then.
• Turn it in at my desk when finished.
An experiment needs:
• •
Control Group
– Where all factors are standard or kept the same. This is the group to which you compare your experimental group
Experimental (Variable) Group
– All conditions are kept constant
EXCEPT
for the variable
A
Experiment
B C D
What group is the control group?
An experiment needs:
•
Independent (Manipulated) Variable
– The factor that you deliberately change (fertilizer) •
Dependent (Responding) Variable
– The factor that changes in response to the manipulated variable (plant growth)
An experiment needs: •
Data-
the more trials or the larger the sample size, the more reliable your data will be.
•Quantitative- numerical data •Qualitative- descriptive data •Your data will need to be organized so that the result is clear.
Data Collections
Beaker Test Tube Pipette Which is the most precise?
Graduated Cylinder
Meniscus
An experiment needs…
•
Conclusions-
your experimental results need to be communicated to
•
Hypothesis-
the prediction and the thinking behind your prediction… TESTABLE •For example: Fertilizer A will be the most effective in aiding plant growth because it contains the most nutrients.
•
Theory-
after many hypotheses have been tested and have not been proven incorrect, the hypotheses will become a part of a
theory.
=well-tested and supported explanation for natural events
•
Theory-
–
How have you heard this word used in “the real world”?
–
Why is it important that we know the scientific definition?
•
Law-
a mathematical explanation of a repeated occurrence (F=ma, etc.)
Graphing Rules
• • • • Title (Y vs. X) Axis labeled with units DRY MIX Correct type of graph – Line graph is generally used to show trends • Usually (not always) over time – Bar graph is generally used to show quantities – Pie graph used to show parts of the whole
Warm Up 9/9 & 9/10
1.
What type of graph should you use to depict a gradual change in height of a plant over time?
2.
List as many characteristics as you can think of that all living things share.
HW
• • Read Sections 1-3 & 1-4 Study for
Quiz #2
–
Study: Experimental Design and Graphing Notes, Simpson’s HW, Graphing HW
•
NOTE: There will NOT be a Scientific Method WS to complete tonight.
Today
• • • Go over graphing HW Go over Quiz #1 Notes: Characteristics of Life (Quiz #3 material) • Formal Lab Report Instructions
Biology The Study of Life Themes and Concepts
Characteristics of Life
1. The
CELL
is the smallest unit of life a. Unicellular – one-celled
Ex: bacteria, protists, yeast (a fungus)
b. Multicellular – many-celled
Ex: Most fungi, plants, animals
Unit 2- Overview of Life
2. All Cells contain Genetic Material (THINK: DNA) • All traits of an organism are determined by DNA (in some rare cases, RNA) Unit 2- Overview of Life
Prok’s vs. Euks
• • • •
Prokaryotic cells
Simple Unicellular NO nucleus No membrane bound organelles – EX: BACTERIA • • • •
Eukaryotic cells
Complex Uni- or Multicellular DNA stored in nucleus Have MBO’s (like mitochondria & chloroplasts) – Ex: Everything bUT bacteria
If multicellular: Cells work together to form… Tissue – cells working together to perform some function Unit 2- Overview of Life
Organs – different types of tissues functioning together for a specific purpose Unit 2- Overview of Life
Organ Systems – several organs working together Unit 2- Overview of Life
Cells Tissues
Levels of organization
Organs Unit 2- Overview of Life Organ Systems
Levels of Organization
3. All living things need to obtain and use ENERGY Unit 2- Overview of Life
4. All living things respond to external stimuli
1. Response – reaction to a stimulus 2. Stimulus – any condition in the environment that requires an organism to adjust Unit 2- Overview of Life
Responds to environment EX: Homeostasis – regulation of an organism’s internal environment so that conditions necessary for life remain constant and stable.
Homeo= same stasis= state Unit 2- Overview of Life
Ex. When you are thirsty or hungry, your body “says” drink water or eat food to maintain balance.
Unit 2- Overview of Life
Responds to environment: Change over time
Ex: Adaptation – any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment Each beak is adapted to the type of food it eats.
Unit 2- Overview of Life
5. All living things grow & develop Growth – increase in size Development – change in shape or form Unit 2- Overview of Life
6. All living things reproduce* *Not necessary for the survival of an individual!
Necessary for the survival of a species Unit 2- Overview of Life
Characteristics of life
1. Cells 2. Reproduce 3. Growth/ development 4. Genetic code 5. Energy acquisition and utilization 6. Responds to external stimuli