Chronic Sinusitis
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Transcript Chronic Sinusitis
Definition
Chronic inflammation of the mucosal lining of
one or more paranasal sinuses, usually caused by
anatomical / pathological obstruction to its
drainage, and is characterized by chronic
postnasal mucopurulent discharge with or without
recurrent headache / facial pain. (more than
1month).
Types
Open / Close
Unilateral / bilateral
Single sinus / multi-sinusitis / pan-sinusitis
Anterior group / posterior group
Suppurative / Hypertrophic
Osteomeatal complex : before and after fess
Mucociliary function
Etiopathogenesis
Usually Rhinogenic. Other routes- rare.
Unresolved acute sinusitis
Any form of rhinitis
Mucosal odema in
OMC
Pathological obstruction
Any anatomical variation
obstruction
Anatomical
Stagnation and secondary chronic sinusitis
Infective / reactive
rhinitis
Mucosal odema/
polyp formation
Pathological
mucous/
mucociliary
dysfunction
Mechanical: DNS,
anatomical
variations in the
MM/ OMC, etc.
Anatomical
obstruction
Pathological
obstruction
Impaired drainage of
sinuses in the MM/ OMC
Stagnation and
secondary infection
Chronic sinusitis
Pathogenesis :
Mucosal odema
Mechanical obstruction (anatomical)
Mucous- thick
Primary mucociliary dysfunction
Anterior ethmoids is the key area for causation of
chronic anterior group sinusitis because
Ostiomeatal complex is situated within it
Acts as reservoir of infection
Types & Mucosal changes
Open/ closed type
Mucosal changes:
Hyperemia
Hypertrophy
Increased mucosal glands
Polypoidal changes
Mucopurulent secretions
Microabscesses
Fibrosis, hyalinization
Atrophy, squamous metaplasia, granulations
Bacteriology
Mixed infection
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemolyticus, Staph
aureus, gram negative bacteriae,etc.
Anaerobic infection> fowl smelling discharge
Clinical features:
Symptoms
Mucopurulent/ purulent post nasal discharge
Cachosmia- anaerobic
Headache/ facial pain- depending on the site and
type- usually dull aching.
Nasal obstruction
Aural and throat symptoms
Clinical features: Signs
Discharge in the MM on anterior rhinoscopy
Mucosal changes in the MM
Discharge in MM/ SM on posterior rhinoscopy
Tenderness in acute excerbations
Postural/ Transillumination tests
Prominent lateral pharyngeal band
Investigations
Plain radiographs “Water’s”
Mucosal thickening, haziness, opacity, polyp
CT scan of OMC/ paranasal sinuses (coronal cuts)
X-ray nasopharynx in children
Diagnostic nasal endoscopy
Allergic tests if suspected
Proof puncture for maxillary sinus
Culture and sensitivity- rarely done
Fungal culture of cheesy discharge, if present
CHRONIC
Sinusitis
Endoscopic appearance of mucosal
changes in CHRONIC sinusitis
Treatment: Medical
Antibiotics
Nasal decongestants- topical/ systemic
Antihistaminics
Analgesic-antiinflammatory
Medicated steam inhalation
Alkaline nasal douches
Steroid nasal spray/ short course of systemic
steroids
Antiallergy treatment
Treatment: Surgical
When refractory to medical treatment
Surgery for predisposing causes like DNS,
polyp, etc.
Surgical procedure depends on the sinus
involved
All sinuses may be surgically
accessed endoscopically
Chronic maxillary
sinusitis
Surgical options
Antral puncture
Intranasal antrostomy
Caldwel-Luc operation
FESS (Functional endoscopic sinus surgery)
•Opening through canine fossa
•Counter opening into inferior meatus
•Radical mucosal debridement
CALDWELL LUC SURGERY
Chronic ethmoiditis
Intranasal ethmoidectomy
Blind & dangerous
Trans-antral ethmoidectomy
Via Caldwel-Luc operation
External ethmoidectomy (Howarth operation)
Endoscopic ethmoidectomy (FESS)
Chronic frontal sinusitis
External frontoethmoidectomy (Lynch-Howarth
operation)
Osteoplastic operation
Obliteration of frontal sinus
Endoscopic frontal sinusostomy
Chronic sphenoidal sinusitis
Intranasal sphenoethmoidectomy
External sphenoethmoidectomy
Endoscopic sphenoidotomy
Functional endoscopic
sinus surgery (FESS)
Uncinectomy (infundibulotomy)
Middle meatal antrostomy
Frontal recess clearance
Anterior ethmoidectomy