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DO NOW WORK Explain in terms of homeostasis why exercise results in increased respiration and heart rates. Are these examples of positive and negative feedback mechanisms? How do you know? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Thought of the Day: Q: Why don’t skeletons get in fights? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Thought of the Day: Q: Why don’t skeletons get in fights? A: Because they don’t have the guts! Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7 Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Mammary Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Pollex Metacarpal Palmar Digital Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Popliteal Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pubic (genital) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (a) Anterior/Ventral Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Calcaneal Metatarsal Digital Plantar Hallux (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (a) Anterior/Ventral Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancreas (c) Median section (midsagittal) Aorta Spleen Left and right lungs Liver Spleen Heart Stomach Arm Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Intestines Rectum Vertebral column Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (a) Frontal section (through torso) Left and right lungs Frontal plane Liver Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Spleen Heart Stomach Arm Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Liver Aorta Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pancreas Spleen Body wall Transverse plane Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (c) Median section (midsagittal) Intestines Rectum Vertebral column Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Median (midsagittal) plane Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) (a) Lateral view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral body cavity (thoracic and Abdomino- abdominopelvic pelvic cavities) cavity Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Lateral view Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Figure 1.9b Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Anterior view Ventral body cavity Abdomino- (thoracic and abdominopelvic pelvic cavities) cavity Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships. Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) (a) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers. Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Right Epigastric hypochondriac region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Diaphragm Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Appendix Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Figure 1.12a The nine abdominopelvic regions. Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12b The nine abdominopelvic regions. Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A Closer Look 1.1a Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body. Right Left Left kidney Pancreas Spleen Liver Vertebra (a) A CT scan through the superior abdomen. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A Closer Look 1.1b Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body. Narrowing of the artery Artery supplying heart (b) A DSA image of the arteries that supply the heart. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A Closer Look 1.1c Medical Imaging Illuminating the Body Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.