Chapter 18 Power Point
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Chapter 18, p. 409
Identify
significant composers of the Classical
and Romantic periods in Western music
Compare and contrast Classical and Romantic
music
Describe the organization of music forms
Sonata
Art
Tutti
Sonata
allegro
form
Coda
Rondo
Scherzo
Romantic period
song
Lieder
Program music
Program
symphony
Idee fixe
Tone poem
Franz Joseph Haydn
Hector Berlioz
Franz Shubert
Age
of Reason-
Era of intellectual enlightenment that began
around 1650
Advances in science and art
Rise of the middle class – more influential
Demand for music for the masses
First public concerts
Sonata
A work in several movements for one or more
instruments
Primary form of the period
3 or 4 movements
Fast-slow-fast
Fast-slow-dance like-fast
Concerto – sonata for solo instrument and
orchestra
Symphony – sonata for orchestra
Reflected
scientific thinking
Simple, direct, more accessible than Baroque
Order and form were most important
Music written for specific occasions
Patronage system
Composers wrote on commission
Composers worked for churches, royal courts, and
private citizens
Publishing
flourished
Music evolved into a major cultural force
Leading
composer of the classical era
One of the greatest composers of all time
Wrote in all musical forms
Tutti –
A section of a concerto in which all the
instruments and/or voices perform together
Both
used fast-slow-fast
Mozart’s called for a larger orchestra
Mozart added woodwinds, trumpets, horns, and
timpani
Mozart
blended the orchestra more with the
solo parts
Instead of short motives, Mozart used fully
developed themes
Mozart used more contrast in timbre and
dynamics
Compare the first movement of Vivaldi’s “Spring” from The
Four Seasons with the second movement of Mozart’s Piano
Concerto No. 21.
How are the two orchestras different?
The Mozart orchestra is larger and makes use of woodwind
tone colors in addition to the strings
Which concerto has more “songlike” melodies?
The Mozart concerto
Which concerto exhibits the more dramatic contrasts of
dynamics, texture, and density?
The Vivaldi concerto
How do the roles of solos and accompaniment differ in the two
concertos?
In the Vivaldi, there is a clear difference between the solo and
the orchestra. The difference in the Mozart is more subtle.
Which concerto uses the more subtle dynamic shading?
The Mozart
Symphony
An extended work for orchestra containing several
contrasting movements
Franz
Father of the Symphony
Born in
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
Considered the:
–
Vienna
Worked for the Esterhazy family for 30 years –
patrons
They had a theater for opera, skilled orchestra, and
several talented singers
Esterhazy Palace
Haydn
Visited
England in 1791 and wrote the
“London” symphonies
Wrote over 100 symphonies
Established the overall form of the symphony
4 contrasting movements
Fast-slow-minuet – fast
Minuet A slow and stately French dance in triple meter
Upheld
the ideals that music should be easily
understood, ordered
Symphony No. 101 in D (The Clock)
What is the meter?
What is the tempo?
Repetition of the clock rhythm
How is contrast accomplished?
ABA
How is a sense of unity achieved?
violins
What is the form of this movement?
8th note rhythm
What instrument plays the main theme?
Andante or moderate tempo
What rhythm might symbolize a “clock”? Why?
Duple
Change of key, dynamics, new material
What in the music suggests that Haydn had a sense of humor?
Using the clock rhythm
Form and organization of the first movement of
the symphony was very important
Sonata Allegro Form
An ABA form composed of three sections: exposition,
development, and recapitulation
Exposition (A section)
Development (B section)
An elaboration of one or both themes
Recapitulation (A section)
A presentation of the main music ideas
A restatement or repetition of the main thematic material
Coda
A short concluding section of a piece of music that
essentially ties together the main thematic threads and
ends the piece
Symphony
No. 40 in g minor by Mozart
Describe the contrast between themes one and
two. (figure 18-1, p. 415)
Which theme has more tension?
Theme one
Which reflects a strong sense of repose?
Theme two
Rondo
A composition consisting of a recurring theme
alternating with contrasting sections
Activity
4, p. 415 CD 11:18
“Rondo all’Ongarese” “Gypsy Rondo” by Haydn
Decide which of the following organizational
structures reflects the organization of this
composition
1. AAA
2. ABA
3. ABACA
Ludwig
van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Early years
Born in Bonn, Germany
Humble family
Keyboard virtuoso
Studied composition with Haydn
In 1786 he visited Vienna and found a patron, Count
Waldstein
His mother died of tuberculosis when he was 17
His father died when he was 21
At 27 he began going deaf
Beethoven
followed the rules of Classicism, in
the beginning
Later works had a strong dramatic power
combined with a sometimes dreamy quality
Sonatas – 3 or 4 movements with a break
between
3 movements:
Allegro – adagio – allegro
4 movements: insert a scherzo between the 3rd
and 4th movements
Vigorous and sometimes lighthearted movement in
triple meter with a middle section or trio
Each
movement had a specific organization
1st movement – sonata
allegro from: AABA
2nd movement – sonata allegro form or a set of
variations on a theme
3rd movement – 3 part form
4th movement – rondo or sonata allegro form
Emotional
unity and expressive order hold
together the movements in the sonata
1st
movement – sets a somber mood
2nd movement – pensive
3rd movement – tragic
Activity 5, p. 418
His
symphonies mark the change from
Classical to Romantic
Symphony No. 5 in c minor
Expresses conflict with incredible force and
emotion
Opens with a simple pattern that is one of the
most identifiable motives in history
The motive is used throughout the work in
different ways
Activity
6, CD 11:22 p. 419 – listen for the two
themes of this symphony.
Premiered
in Vienna in 1824
Follows emotional progression from darkness
to light
Beethoven was totally deaf when he wrote this
The fourth movement sings of the triumph of
the human spirit over adversity
Beethoven added a chorus
The text is from “Ode to Joy” by German poet
Friedrich von Schiller
Activity
7, p. 420
Opens
with discord
Orchestra sounds at war with itself
A strain of the “Joy” theme is heard but
dismissed
The entire orchestra states the them
More rebellion
Solo baritone calls for the people to rejoice
The mood becomes more joyful as more voice
then the orchestra take up the theme
Analyze
the fourth movement of Beethoven’s
Ninth Symphony
What is there about this music and this theme that
is uplifting?
As you listen, follow the text and translation. Why
does it help to know the meaning of the words?
How is the tension in the orchestra evident as it
builds to the statement of the “joy” theme?
What, if anything, does Beethoven do to alter the
“Joy” theme?
Romantic
A period during the 19th century and early 20th
century when composers created music that often
exploded with emotions
Romantic
period-
music
Revolt against formalism of the Classical era
Emancipate human feeling
World shaking emotional outbursts
The art song
A composition for solo voice and piano
A favorite of the Romantic period
1797-1828
Most
respected creators of German song
Wrote simple short, popular songs
Studied violin, piano, organ, singing, and
theory
He captured the emotional essence of a poem
in his music
Wrote 600 Lieder
German art song
Text
is from a poem by Goethe
It describes a struggle between the father of a
gravely ill son and the phantom figure,
Erlking
Written for a baritone
The singer changes his voice to fit the
different characters
Through-composed
Different music is provided for each stanza of a
poem
Schubert
unity
uses a triplet rhythm to provide
“The Erlking”
How does the singer help you to know when the
speaker changes?
How does Schubert use dynamics to help you tell
who is speaking
The Erlking always speaks with a hushed tone, like a
ghost. The child screams with greater intensity
How many times does Schubert interrupt the
repeated triplets in the piano accompaniment?
The singer’s expression
three
Which one of the characters in the story speaks
without the triplet figure?
The Erlking, until the end
Program
music-
Instrumental compositions that attempt to
convey a specific idea without using lyrics
Term coined by Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Program music was taken a step further by Hector
Berlioz (1803-1869) to develop the program
symphony
Program symphony
A pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in several
movements
Born
in France
Studied medicine
Poured his emotions into his music
Revealed his love for his future wife in his
music
Inspired by literature
5
movements that tell a story about a sensitive
young musician with a wild imagination
Uses idee fixe
A fixed melodic idea that recurs throughout all
movements of a symphony
The
idee fixe in Symphonie Fantastique
represents the main character’s beloved
Activity 11, p. 427 CD 12:3
“March to the Scaffold”
Figure 18-4, p. 428
Composers
began to use their music to show
nationalistic pride
They included folk songs and dances
Tone poem
A type of program music written for textual
materials including stories or plays
Symphonic
poem-
A long tone poem with multiple movements
Written
by Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)
Inspired by an excursion down the River
Moldau, the longest river in the Czech
Republic
Dedicated to his Czechoslovakian homeland
Activity 12, CD 12:4, p. 430
Modest
Mussorgsky – embodies the spirit of
Russian nationalism
Pictures at an Exhibition (1873) a tone poem
composed for piano depicting different
artworks by Victor Hartman
Movements are connected by the “Promenade”
theme
“The
Great of Kiev”
Finale of Pictures at an Exhibition
Depicts a majestic nationalistic statement that
conveys the dignity and stateliness of Hartmann’s
design for a ceremonial gate planned for the
Russian city of Kiev.
Compare 3 versions of Mussorgsky’s work
Piano
Orchestra
Brass ensemble
Richard
Wagner (1813-1883) – German
nationalistic composer
Stormy and egotistical
Showed unconstrained emotion
Explored expressive qualities of various
instruments
Could wring every drop of expressiveness out of an
orchestra
The
Ring of Nibelung – based on Nordic
legends
4 full operas
Die Gotterdammerung – The Twilight of the Gods
The Rhine Gold
The Valkyrie
Siegfried
“Siegfried’s
Funeral Music” from Die
Gotterdammerung
How does Wagner use instruments to convey
Siegfried’s good deeds, his heroism, and his tragic
end?
This work has the form of a funeral march. What
qualities of the piece create the sense of solemnity
and grief associated with a funeral?
In
the years before World War I, the world
turned against the extreme emotions of the
Romantic Era
Richard Strauss (1864-1949)
Sergei Rachmanioff (1873-1943)
Richard Strauss
Sergei Rachmanioff
Rondo
A composition consisting of a recurring theme
alternating with contrasting sections
Scherzo
A vigorous and sometimes lighthearted movement
in triple meter with a middle section or trio
Sonata
A work in several movements for one or more
instruments
Tone
poem
A type of program music written for textual
materials including stories or plays
Tutti
A section of a concerto in which all the
instruments and/or voices perform together
Program
A pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in
several movements
Program
symphony
music
Instrumental compositions that attempt to convey
a specific idea without using lyrics
Lieder
German art songs
Coda
A short concluding section of a piece of music that
essentially ties together the main thematic threads
Art
song
A composition for solo voice and piano
Wolfgang
Leading composer of the classical era
Used longer fully developed themes
Wrote:
Piano Concerto No. 21
Franz
Joseph Haydn
Considered:
Amadeus Mozart
“Father of the Symphony”
Wrote:
Symphony No. 101 in D (The Clock)
Using what form?
Sonata-allegro form
Ludwig
Spanned the Classical and Romantic periods
Keyboard virtuoso
Wrote:
Piano Sonata in c minor (Pathetique)
Symphony No. 5 in c minor
“Ode to Joy” theme
Symphony No. 9 in d minor
Franz
van Beethoven
Schubert
Wrote over 600 lieder
Wrote:
“The Erlking”
Hector
Berlioz
Wrote:
Symphonie Fantastique (Fantastic Symphony)
Bedrich
Wrote:
“The Moldau”
Modest
Smetana
Mussorgsky
Music embodied the spirit of Russian nationalism
Wrote:
Pictures at an Exhibition
Richard
German composer known for writing …
Wagner
Opera
Wrote :
The Ring of the Nibelung (The Ring Cycle)
Classical
Orderly
Followed set forms
restrained
Romantic
Dramatic
Emotional outbursts
Supercharged
expression
Mozart
Same organization –
fast, slow, fast
Larger ensemble,
added woodwinds,
brass, & timpani
Blended solo parts
with full orchestra
Longer, full
developed themes
Vivaldi
Fast, slow, fast
Smaller ensemble,
just strings
Alternated tutti and
solo
Short motives