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The Kings Course - Gleneagles
Richard Windows & Jay Dobson
Turfgrass Agronomists
for excellence in sports surfaces
www.stri.co.uk
The Kings Course was presented well but poor drainage qualities to the greens and
deterioration of heathland vegetation to the rough are the main issues to address to
restore high quality and authentic heathland playing conditions and vegetation type.
Visit Details
Date of visit
11th May 2012
Visit Objective To review the Kings Course, take objective measurements
of greens performance and offer recommendations for
future maintenance
Present
Mr Scott Fenwick– Golf & Estates Manager
Mr Mike Doris – Head Greenkeeper
Mr Gavin Speedie – Deputy Head Greenkeeper
Mr Jay Dobson – Turfgrass Agronomist
Mr Richard Windows – Turfgrass Agronomist
Weather
Since March there has been very little growth due to low
temperatures and cold northerly winds.
Conditions on the day were generally dry, but cold at
5°C.
Executive Summary
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The Kings Course was presented well with attractive mowing
patterns enhancing aesthetic quality.
Grass cover to the greens was good and altered nutritional
programmes combined with good sward species composition has
helped reduce disease pressure over the last 2 years.
The major issue with greens is from poor drainage performance
and significant softening when wet.
A combination of more intensive organic matter reduction and
timely deep aeration, coupled with pipe drainage installation offers
the solution for enhanced performance.
To make a progress with the greens, it is essential aeration and
organic matter reduction operations are implemented during
favourable weather conditions.
Executive Summary (Cont.)
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Firmer and more consistent ball release characteristics to green
aprons will be achieved with the extension of more intensive sand
top dressing.
Fairways offered authentic turf and playing conditions, but a
programme of scarification and light feeding will enhance the
consistency of lie further.
Significant renovation and management of gorse, broom,
woodland, grassland and heather is required to restore authentic
heathland vegetation and enhance the wonderful landscape.
Greens
for excellence in sports surfaces
www.stri.co.uk
Grass cover to the greens was generally good but scars from Graden scarification in March
remained evident which was compromising ball roll qualities. Forcing growth with additional
fertiliser and more refinement is required to perfect ball roll qualities for the season.
Sward species composition was good and offered a good blend of browntop bentgrass with
annual meadow-grass in roughly equal proportions. Such species composition with sensible
nutritional inputs has reduced disease pressure in recent years.
The main issue with The Kings Course greens are from poor drainage performance and soft
underfoot conditions during wet periods and throughout the winter. This is compromising
year round performance and the heathland character of the surfaces.
Poor drainage and underfoot softness is due to a combination of excessive organic matter in
the upper soil profile (yellow arrow), shallow accumulations of sand top dressing (blue arrow)
and heavy clay soil with poor natural drainage qualities to depth (red arrow). Both require
rectification to improve performance.
Perennial ryegrass remains the main contaminant that compromise ball roll
Intensive
efforts
have graminicide
been made to
manage organic
with Graden
sand injection
qualities.
Rescue
applications
shouldmatter
be extended
to all greens
over the(red
arrow)
and
hollow
next
few
years.coring (yellow arrow). These operations have delivered some
improvements but to gain optimum effect more intensive treatments are required at more
optimal times of the year and in combination with pipe drainage installation.
Additional Observations & Comments
• Earlier Graden operations combined with the lack of growth was
resulting in compromised smoothness and trueness.
• Efforts are required to force some growth and increase ball roll
qualities for main season play.
• Success with altered nutritional programmes using Symbio products
has helped reduce disease pressure.
• Nitrogen inputs have been reduced from 200kg per hectare to 130kg
per hectare over the past 2-3 years.
• Due to the commercial pressures at Gleneagles, maintenance
operations to the greens have been compromised both in frequency
and ideal timing.
• We need to address this situation to deliver progress in terms of
improving year round playing performance and routine playing quality.
STRI Programme - Measurement Tools
Smoothness and trueness
Firmness
Green Speed
Firmness
Soil Moisture
Soil Moisture Content
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All the greens were consistent between each other, but significantly
higher than the ideal target range for soil based greens of 15-30%.
Following 19 mm of rain the previous day the poor drainage qualities of
the greens were highlighted by the very high moisture values obtained.
Localised very wet pockets e.g. back right of 15th,16th (50% & 57%) ad
18th (50% and 53%) were evident.
It is essential to reduce moisture retention by more intensive and timely
maintenance operations to ensure turf and playing performance
following wet weather is improved.
Reducing moisture retention by organic matter reduction and pipe
drainage is a key maintenance objective over the next few years.
Surface Firmness/Hardness
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Due to very high soil moisture values, all the greens were well below
the ideal target range of 90-110 gravities for heathland golf courses.
All the greens were consistently soft and ranged from 68g (18G) and
77g (6G).
16G was significantly softer at 60g and had lower values 45-50 g to
the rear and centre of the surface.
All the surfaces (except 16G) were firm enough to avoid footprinting
(normally above 70 gravities), but were certainly too soft for
authentic heathland greens.
While sufficiently firm to avoid significant footprinting, the firmness
of the greens are low enough to cause deterioration under play and
therefore ball roll qualities.
Improving surface firmness at all times but especially following
rainfall and during the winter by reducing moisture retention is
critical to the future performance of the greens.
Ball Roll Qualities
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The smoothness and trueness values were well above the ideal
target range for summer play .
They were also higher than the acceptable range of 25mm/m that
provides decent playing surfaces for the time of year.
The combination of Graden grooves, underfoot softness and the
lack of growth is the reason for compromised smoothness and
trueness values.
Green speeds were acceptable but on or below the target range of
8ft 6 in for routine play.
Operations to encourage recovery combined with better growing
conditions and additional refinement is necessary to improve ball
roll qualities for main season play.
Additional measurements later in the season will provide a better
assessment of ball roll qualities at their summer best and this will
help inform any changes to the routine refinement programme.
Organic Matter Content
Organic Matter Content – Kings Course
Loss on Ignition (%)
4G
6G
12G
16G
17G
18G
0-10 mm
8.0
7.1
9.8
6.2
7.5
7.4
10-20 mm
7.6
6.8
7.2
6.5
6.1
8.4
20-40 mm
7.6
5.8
6.2
5.0
6.0
5.6
40-60 mm
5.4
5.9
5.6
4.4
5.2
4.3
Notes
Analysis at 0-10 and 10-20mm were taken to provide accurate assessment of
organic matter in the immediate upper soil profile.
Measurements at 20mm increments below provided an assessment of levels in
the soil profile.
The agreed target range was 3-5% at 0-20mm and less than 4% lower down.
Organic Matter Content Summary
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Levels are too high throughout the top 60 mm of the profile and are
above the target range at each depth.
Levels at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 mm are particularly high and should
be the focus of targeted reduction.
The strategy should involve Graden sand injection coupled with
hollow coring 2-3 times a year.
We should look to impact 25-30% of the surface each year via
cultivation for the next 2-3 years coupled with intensive sand top
dressing at a rate of 200 t/ha/yr.
Using kiln dried sand which is brown in colour will help ensure the
holes/grooves can be filled and visual disruption to play is
minimised.
Organic matter reduction should also be coupled with pipe drainage.
Soil Chemical Analysis
Soil Chemical Analysis – Kings Course
pH
P2O5 (mg/l)
K2O (mg/l)
4G
5.5
13
128
6G
5.3
13
121
12G
5.3
24
147
16G
5.6
11
136
17G
5.5
17
125
18G
5.4
17
114
Notes
Soil pH is within the desired range of 5.0-5.5 for heathland soil based greens and
requires no rectification.
Soil phosphate was on the low side and would benefit from inputs during the
spring and autumn to get levels to 20-30 mg/l. This will help spring growth.
Potassium inputs are satisfactory so sustain existing inputs.
Greens - Recommendations
for excellence in sports surfaces
www.stri.co.uk
Key Recommendations
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A more intensive organic matter reduction programme is required
involving a combination of hollow coring and Graden sand injection
scarification.
Three renovation operations are scheduled between now and the
end of the year with the target of impacting 25-30% of the surface.
These operations should be achieved during favourable weather
conditions and when recovery will be rapid so some disruption to the
playing schedule will be required.
Timely deep aeration using the Verti-drain fitted with 12mm tines
and minimal heave would be beneficial to improve the structure of
the underlying clay soil. This must be done when dry to gain optimal
effect.
Localised and trial use of the Gwazae air injection unit should be
trialled to assess whether this improves drainage performance.
Key Recommendations (Cont.)
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A change from the existing Fife Silica FS9 Sand to a darker material
would aid increased routine sand top dressing as it is less
conspicuous at the turf base.
The aim should be to supply sand at a rate of 180 -200 tonnes per
hectare to the greens over the next few years.
Due to the underlying soils, organic matter reduction and deep
aeration must be coupled with pipe drainage installation to deliver
the desired improvements to the greens.
Plans should be made to insert pipe drainage at close spacing i.e.
2.5m centres in all the greens over the next few years.
Sourcing suitable possible outlets will also be necessary as part of
this process.
Key Recommendations (Cont.)
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Nutritional programmes using the Symbio products are working well,
but the aim should be to further reduce nitrogen inputs over the next
few years.
The initial target being to get down to approximately 100kg per
hectare per year.
To accelerate recovery following the Graden work, some light liquid
applications based on potassium nitrate in foliar form are required
over the next few weeks.
Other Points of Discussion
for excellence in sports surfaces
www.stri.co.uk
Traffic routes to green surrounds were weak and worn which detract from presentation of
green complexes and make recovery around greens difficult. More intensive maintenance
involving hollow coring, sand top dressing, dwarf perennial ryegrass overseeding, deep
aeration and increased feeding is necessary along with traffic protection where possible.
Where grass cover is stronger to surrounds, intensive sand top dressing coupled with Vertidraining is necessary to optimise surface drainage and avoid sward deterioration in wet
weather and during the winter.
The fairways supported finely textured and authentically tight heathland lies. To optimise
consistency and quality of lies further and reduce moss populations some liquid feeding
(e.g. Farmura Porthcawl or similar) along with scarification and annual deep aeration would
be beneficial.
The general quality of the vegetation to the rough is poor and does not fit with the
heathland character of the course. Many areas are degenerating and require significant
maintenance input to restore the heathland character of the course. This is an essential
objective over the next decade.
As part of the heathland regeneration plan to the rough, intensive grassland management
involving twice yearly cutting/collecting and scarification. This should ideally be extended to
all rough grassland but at the very least to an 8-10 metre band to each hole, which can be
termed ‘Golfing Rough’. This will provide thinner and wispier swards and aid pace of play.
Conifer plantation management is also necessary to certain areas to improve light and
airflow as well as help improve surrounding grassland that has become thick and coarse
due to the moisture retention from the trees.