MODULE OBJECTIVES

After the completion of this module, student should be able to:       Identify different marking out tools and their usage.

Select the appropriate tool required for marking out.

Mark out work-pieces according to the dimensions given in engineering drawings.

Distinguish the different hand tools and their uses.

Select the correct tool for the task.

State the care and safe use of hand tools.

3.4 INTRODUCTION TO HAND TOOLS

The mechanical engineer very often have to use a number of various hand tools in the course of his duties as a fitter or machinist, many of these tools are common to both.

1- SPANNERS/ WRENCHES

    The two words

“wrench” same tool.

“spanner”

(in British English) and (in American English) refer to the Spanners/Wrenches are different in shape to provide ease of operation under certain conditions.

They are manufactured from

alloy steel

.

high tensile or

The sizes of metric spanners are identified by the distance across flats of a nut or bolt head

 The sizes of metric spanners are identified by the distance across flats of a nut or bolt head S=24 mm

SPANNER TYPES 1-1 OPEN-ENDED SPANNERS

The ends of this type of spanners are generally oriented at an angle of

15º

to the longitudinal axis of the handle to allow

greater range of movement

in enclosed spaces.

An open-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end.

1-2 RING SPANNERS

Ring spanners or box-end wrenches are recommended to be used when

a better grip

is needed and when the spanner swing is restricted.

A box-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end.

1-3 COMBINATION SPANNERS

This type comes with an open end from one side and a ring end from the other side .

Usually both ends are having the same size

1-4 ADJUSTABLE SPANNERS

Adjustable spanners are spanners that have a moving jaw to fit different bolt/nut sizes

  An adjustable wrench is often used where the exact size wrench is not available or when a large nut, such as a wheel spindle nut, needs to be rotated but not tightened.

Adjustable wrenches are sized by the overall length of the wrench and not by how far the jaws open.

ACCIDENTS PREVENTION WHEN USING WRENCHES

When working with spanners, accidents are usually caused by the slipping of a spanner from a nut or bolt head. In order to avoid these accidents, the following recommendations should be considered

1- Use the correct size spanner for the job.

2- Pull towards the body whenever possible.

3- Do not obtain extra leverage by using pieces of pipe. 4- Use a steady pull not a jerking action.

5- Do not hit a spanner with a hammer.

6- Make sure your hands will not strike any obstructions.

TREAT ADJUSTABLE SPANNERS GENTLY

2- ALLEN KEYS

   They are referred to as

Allen keys

and sometimes

Allen wrenches

.

Allen keys are used on grub screws and socket head cap screws The size of Allen keys is almost like spanners measured across flats. Allen Keys Grub screw Socket head cap screw

3- SCREWDRIVERS

Screwdrivers are made in different lengths and designs, the two most common are: 

Flathead/slotted



Crosshead/Phillips

The

flathead

is identified by its

length

and in some cases by the

blade width

. The

crosshead size.

screwdriver is identified by its

point

Always use the correct size screwdriver for the screw head; the blade should fit the width of the screw head.

4- PLIERS

Pliers

are a

hand tool

used to

hold objects firmly

, or for

cutting and bending

wire s. tough materials such as • • • • There are different types that can deal with different types of jobs

Flat nose pliers Long nose pliers Combination pliers Circlip pliers

4-1 LONG NOSE PLIERS

Long nose pliers are both cutting and gripping pliers used by electricians and other tradesmen to bend, re position and cut wire.

4-2 COMBINATION PLIERS

These pliers incorporate side cutters, joint cutters and pipe grip.

4-3 CIRCLIP PLIERS

Circlips are retaining devices

They are fitted inside a groove on bores and shafts The

internal circlip

has to be

squeezed

to be removed

The

external circlip

which is fitted onto a shaft has to be

opened out

to be removed

The

nose

of the

circlip plier

is either

straight

depending on the type of job.

or

bent

5- PIPE WRENCH

A pipe wrench is designed to tighten its grip on the part being rotated. It has serrated jaws that leave marks on the part and so it might damage the surface of the part. Accordingly, pipe wrenches must not be used to loosen a nut, unless the nut is to be replaced.