The Swedish Waste Management System

Content

 Part 1: – Sweden – Avfall Sverige – The Swedish Association of Waste Management  Part 2 – Waste – a Resource – The Development – Responsibilities – Operations  Part 3 – Overview Model – Infrastructure – Collection – Recovery and Recycling  Part 4 – Waste Economy – Means of Control – Success Factors – Challenges – Vision and Long Term Goals  Part 5 – Waste Management on Export – A new Swedish Platform

Important success factors

         Waste management is a public service Clear division of roles and responsibilities Clear national environmental targets showing the direction and long-term regulations and economical steering instruments Co-operation

between

municipalities Collaboration between public and private sectors Holistic system view- an integrated part of the sustinable city Co-operation

within

municipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban- planning-, etc departements) A system based on source separation with focus on communication and public engagement A system based on resource recovery

Part 1

Sweden Avfall Sverige – The Swedish Association of Waste Management

Sweden

 9,5 million inhabitants  450 000 km 2

Avfall Sverige

 The Swedish Association of Waste Management  400 members, primarily within the public sector, but also private enterprises -service providers for the Swedish citizens  Networking, training and lobbying  National member of Cewep, ECN, ISWA and Municipal Waste Europe

Part 2

Waste – a Resource The Development Responsibilities Operations

Waste - a resource

Treatment of household waste in Sweden, 2012 (%) and the resources produced from it Material recycling Biological recycling Energy recovery Landfill

Waste - a resource

Treatment of household waste in Sweden, 2012 (%) and the resources produced from it 2012: • 14,7 TWh district energy -> 20 % of the total district energy in Sweden - the heating need of 900 000 homes • 1,7 TWh electricity – the need of 250 000 homes Material recycling Biological recycling Energy recovery Landfill 2012: • 353 GWh vehicle-fuel produced from foodwaste replaced about 30 millions liters of petrol. • 725 000 tonnes biofertilizer produced replacing industrial fertilizer

Waste hierarchy

Unique results

50 40 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 Sweden 2010 EU 2010 USA 2010 Material recycling Biological recycling Energy recovery Landfill

Towards zero landfilling - a 40 years perspective

62 % 1 %

Important steps of development



Late 1800:

Cholera-epidemic - start of municipal waste management 

1950’s:

District heating systems developed 

1970’s and 80’s:

Oil crises - waste is being used for district heating

An important part of the energy system

District energy in Sweden – fuel supply:

Biofuels Waste heat Waste 5 % Oil 1980 Electricity Oil Heatpumps Carbon Waste Peat Biofuels Gas Waste heat 1993 Electricity Heatpumps Fossil fuels Waste heat Waste Peat Biofuels 2008 Source:

An important part of the energy system

District energy in Sweden – fuel supply:

Electricity

Heatpumps

Fossil fuel

Waste heat Waste Peat Biofuels

Source:

Clear national targets and long-term regulations and economical steering instruments Household waste to landfill per year (tonnes) 1600000 50 % 1400000 1200000 Landfill tax introduced 1000000 Producers’ responsibility introduced Ban on landfill of combustible waste 800000 600000 400000 200000 Municipal waste planning compulsory Ban on landfill of organic waste National target on food waste recycling 0

National target on food waste recycling

Old national goal:  By 2010 at least 35% of food waste from households, large-scale kitchens, stores and restaurants is recycled through biological treatment We reached approx. 25 % - with no legal requirements!

New national goal:  By 2018 at least 50 % of food waste from households, large-scale kitchens, stores and restaurants is separated and treated biologically so that nutrients are utilized, and by at least 40 % being treated to recover energy.

Clear division of roles and responsibilities

Municipalities:

• Collection and treatment of municipal waste

Producers:

• Collection and treatment of waste within the Producers Responsibility

Citizens/households

: • Separation and leave/transport waste at indicated collection points

Companies/Indust ries:

• Handling of own generated waste

Benifits with public waste management responsibility  Front runner position to develop – Competence – World class infrastructure  Environmental and social benefits  Ensures long term and holistic work according to the waste hierarchy

Plans, regulators, permissions and supervision

National level

 Parliament  National environmental targets  The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency  National waste plan  Produces national legislation and guidelines  National environmental courts (5 plus one superior):  Gives permissions to larger treatment plants

Regional level

(21 counties)  County Administrative Board - government authority:  Regional environmental targets  Permissions and control for most treatment plants  Supervision of the regional treatment capacity

Municipal level

(290 municipalities)  Municipal authorithies:  Local environmental targets   Local waste plans and regulations Permissions and control of smaller treatment plants

Organisation and operation

Municipalities deal with their responsibility in different ways and design their own waste management organisation

Organisation:

 About 50 % municipal companies

Collection:

 73 % outsourcing (mainly to private companies)

Treatment:

 About 65% outsourcing (mainly to municipal companies)

Owner-ship of waste incinerators

 Municipally owned plant – Co-owned regional waste company (2 out of 32) – Full-owned energy company – Full-owned multi-utility company  Privatly owned plant (4,5 out of 32)

Clear division of roles and responsibilities

Responsibility Implementation and operation Municipalities Producers Citizens/hous eholds Companies /Industries Private and public waste management sector

• Knowledge- and Equipment supply • Treatment- and Collection services

Co-operation

Co-operation – the solution to an increasingly complex waste management Thru • Common municipal

waste company

(20 regional companies in Sweden) • Common municipal

waste association

(8 associations in Sweden with totally 28 municipalities) • Common

board

(4 common boards in Sweden with totally 9 municipalities) • Common

procurement

on specific issues matters

Part 3

Overview Model Infrastructure Collection Recovery and Recycling

Overview model

Housholds or companies Waste prevention New products: Biogas, new materials, district heating, electricity, bio-fertilizer Collection and transport Recycling stations Recycling centers Curbside collection Materialrecycling Biological recycling Energy recovery Landfill

Public awarness - a success factor

Key messages and tools for motivation and to facilitate collaboration: – Communication – Development of self instructive systems – Feed back of the results and that ”what matters ”

I

do – Emphasize on the waste holders

responsibility and participation

Waste prevention   Long tradition of reuse through flea markets, second hand, collection at recycling parks, etc Deposit fee system for bevarage containers/bottles  Foodwaste, textiles, electronical and demolition waste in focus – goals proposed  Largest challenge: decoupling between generated waste and economic growth

Resource recovery focus Quality Source separation

Resource recovery focus Quality Secure handling of hazardous waste Source separation

Infrastructure

Collection of waste from households based on source separation

  Curb side collection 5 800 unmanned recycling drop-off stations  630 manned drop-off recycling centers  

Treatment and recycling of waste based on the charcter of the waste

 60 organic waste facilities 34 waste to energy plants 78 landfills

Collection

Collection of waste from households based on source separation

    Curbside collection for combustible and food waste (and sometimes packaging and paper) 5 800 unmanned recycling drop-off stations for for packaging and paper 630 manned drop-off recycling centers for bulky, electronical and hazardous waste Various solutions for hazardous waste collection

Innovation and trends in collection

 Multi compartment collection   vessels  Optical sorting  Vehicles on biogas Automated vacuum systems Underground containers

Collection systems from household

Separate bins Optical sorting Multifraction bins Number of systems used (single households)

125 18 25

Infrastructure

Treatment and recycling of waste based on the character of the waste

   60 organic waste facilities 34 waste to energy plants 78 landfills

Recycling centers

A system based on resource focus

Materials Food waste Combustible waste Hazardous waste Products Biogas Biofertilizer District energy Electricity Virgin materials and energy saved Petrol saved and industrial fertilizer saved Fossil and other fuels saved Direct environmental benifit Environmental protection costs saved

A system based on resource focus

Materials Food waste Combustible waste Hazardous waste Products

•

2012: Biogas Biofertilizer 353 GWh vehicle-fuel

•

Virgin materials and energy saved produced from foodwaste replaced about 30 millions liters of petrol. 725 000 tonnes Petrol saved and biofertilizer produced fertilizer District energy Electricity 13 TWh district energy > 20 % of the total

•

district energy in Sweden / the heating need of 900 000 homes Fossil and other 1,7 TWh electricity -> need of 250 000 homes Direct environmental benifit Environmental protection costs saved

Production of biogas and bio-fertilizer

    The most increasing treatment method 58 plants Energy recovery by the production of biogas used as a vehicle-fuel Recycling of nutritions to farming-land by the production of bio-fertilizer

During 2012, 353 GWh vehicle-fuel was produced from foodwaste replacing about 30 millions liters of petrol. 725000 tonnes biofertilizer is produced yearly in Sweden.

Snapshot

- biological treatment of waste 2012

Composting

43 plants 558 830 tonnes of which 376 530 household waste (mostly park and garden waste) Trend: (-5 % from 2011) Products: compost used mainly in soil improvment agents or soil mixes.

Anaerobic digestion

18 plants (plus a number of waste water treatment plants with co-digestion) 695 940 tonnes of which 185 550 household waste (plus 59 310 tonnes digested at waste water treatment plants) Trend: (+40 % from 2011) Products: biofertilizer recycled to farming land and biogas used mainly as a vehicle fuel

Food waste recycling in the waste hierarchy

Total waste reduction by improved environmental awarness Recycling of nutrients Energy recovery by biogas production

Use of biogas from waste

Vehicle gas Electricity Heating Flaring 353 GWh 15 GWh 26 GWh

During 2012, 353 GWh vehicle-fuel was produced from waste replacing about 30 millions liters of petrol.

Digestate – certified recycling

725 970 tonnes of digestate was produced 2012 Nearly 100 % was used in agriculture as bio-fertiliser Around 90 % of the digestate is certified

Generation of district heating and electricity

    Covers around 20 % of the total district heating in Sweden, equals the needs of 900 000 homes Produces electricity corresponding to the needs of 250 000 homes Advanced and secure flue gas treatment Most of the rest-products can be recycled

Total energy production 2012:

District heating: 13 TWh Electricity: 1,7 TWh (including industral waste)

Energy recovery of waste

34 plants:  Receiving 50 000 – 700 000 tonnes yearly (2012: 32 plants)  Recovering yearly (2012: 32 plants) – totally 5 042 000 tonnes – of which 2 270 000 tonnes municipal waste  Gate fee approx 370-710 SEK/tonnes (average 500 SEK)

1,0 0,5 0,0

The most energy efficient plants in the world Recovered energy per tonne household waste incinerated

3,0

MWh /ton

2,5 2,0

Electricity Heat If industrial waste was included in the diagram the Swedish result would be almost 3 MWh/tonnes

1,5

Efficient and clean waste incineration

Clean waste incineration

 Most emissions decreased with 90-99 % since 1985: – Strict emission regulations – Fee on NOx (nitrooxygen)

Reduced weight and volume

• 15-20 weight% bottom ash • 3-5 weight% fly ash

From landfills to modern recycling facilities

(Illustrator: Per Josefsson)

An integrated part of a holistic system

Material recycling Incineration Products Other fuels Farms Waste Households Sewage water cleaning Biosolids Landfill Anaerobic digestion Biogas Vehicle fuel Cooling/ heating production Electricity production

Part 4

Waste Economy Means of Control Success Factors Challenges Vision and Long Term Goals

Waste economy

Municipal waste:

 All costs covered by municipal waste fees (not by taxes)  The fee is decided by each municipal board  Non-profit  Allowed to be differentiated to encourage source separation for recycling  

Municipal waste within producers ’ responsibility:

Costs covered by a fee added to the price of every product The fee is decided by the producers

Waste fee

Average yearly fee per household 2011: • Houses: 220 EUR • Flats: 140 EUR Average daily fee per household

Costs for municipal waste management

Administration and information Curb side collection, 14% bulky waste 1% Others 4% Curb side collection, residual waste 31% Recycling centers, including hazardous waste 28% Treatment, residual waste 22% Cost for municipal waste management, 2010, average

Means of control

     Environmental objectives Government regulations, bans, and taxes, for example:    Tax on landfilling (since 2000) Ban on landfilling of combustible waste since 2002 Ban on landfilling of organic waste since 2005 Differentiated municipal waste tariffs Municipal waste planning and regulations Information and communication

Important success factors

Material recycling Biological recycling Energy recovery Landfill          Waste management is a public service Clear division of roles and responsibilities Clear national environmental targets showing the direction and long-term regulations and economical steering instruments Co-operation

between

municipalities Collaboration between public and private sectors Holistic system view- an integrated part of the sustinable city Co-operation

within

municipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban planning-, etc departements) A system based on source separation with focus on communication and public engagement A system based on resource recovery

Generated household waste in Sweden is predicted to double 2010-2030

(Swedish EPA)

Generated waste world wide is predicted to rise with 72 % 2010-2025

(What a Waste-A global review of Solid Waste Management, mars 2012, World Bank Group)

Avfall Sverige’s vision Zero waste!

Long-term goals until 2020:  Decoupling between generated waste and economic growth  Strong upward movement in waste hierarchy

Economic growth Generated waste BN P

Part 5

Waste Management on Export – A new Swedish Platform

Swedish Waste Management on Export

A new Swedish platform built on co-operation between the public and private waste management sector SosExpo Warszawa Mars 2013

Aim with the new platform

To facilitate the export of  Swedish knowledge about waste management,  products and services within the waste sector, through cooperation among the public and the private waste management sector.

A strategy based on cooperation

A network of actors in the public and private waste management sector in Sweden: Municipalities/municipal companies Knowledge suppliers Technlogy suppliers A strong Swedish platform with a unique mix of competences

Swedish Waste Management on Export

Contact and information

Project leader:

Jenny Åström [email protected]

+46-70-5136612 • Information about swedish waste management in english : www.avfallsverige.se/in english • Information about the national platform for export of knowledge and technology: www.avfallsverige.se/in-english/export