Transcript Chap 15 Research Ethics

CHAPTER 15
THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST AND
RESEARCH
Prisca DELIPERI
Caldwell Collge
OVERVIEW
Introduction
 Guidelines 10.0 to 10.24
 Case studies
 Related code of ethics
 Questions
 References

INTRODUCTION
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Conducting research in Behavior analysis
 Complex

set of requirements from BACB
Requirements have to be fulfilled before the
study begins.
Approval from research committee for the procedure
 Informed consent from participants
 Authorship issues

THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST AND RESEARCH (10.0)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(a)Behavior analyst plan their research so as to
minimize the possibility that results will be misleading
 The behavior analyst must present their data in the
most truthful and accurate manner possible
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(b) Behavior analysts conduct research competently
and with due concern for the dignity and welfare of
the participants. Researchers and assistants are
permitted to perform only those task for which they
are appropriately trained and prepared.
 Area of competence
 Respect participants
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(c)Behavior analysts are responsible for the ethical
conduct of research conduct by them or by others under
their supervision or control
 observers, therapist or data analyst
(d)Behavior analysts conducting applied research
conjointly with provision of clinical or human services
obtain required external reviews of proposed clinical
research and observe requirements for both intervention
and research involvement by client-participants.
 IRB, review committee…
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(e)In planning research, behavior analysts consider
its ethical acceptability under these guidelines. If
an ethical issue is unclear , behavior analysts seek
to resolve the issue through consultation with
institutional review boards, animal care and use
committees, peer consultations, or other proper
mechanisms.
 Contact the relevant committees or IRB
 Ask question if something is unclear
SCHOLARSHIP AND RESEARCH (10.01)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(a)The behavior analyst engaged in study and research is guided by
the conventions of the science of behavior including the emphasis
on the analysis of individual behavior and strives to model
appropriate applications in professional life.
Skinner’s model operant conditioning
(b)Behavior analysts take reasonable steps to avoid harming their
clients, research participants, students and other with whom they
work, and to minimize harm where its foreseeable and
unavoidable. Harm is defined here as negative effects of side effects
of behavior analysis that outweigh positive effects in the particular
instance, and that are behavioral or physical and directly
observable.
 Do NO harm!!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2iMdI-mc1Y&feature=related
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(c)Because behavior analysts’ scientific and
professional judgments and actions affect the
lives of other, they are alert to and guard against
personal, financial, social, organizational, or
political factors that might lead to misuse their
influence.
 Do not let your conviction influence your data
interpretation
 Conflict of interest?

(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(d)Behavior analysts do not participate in activities
in which it appears likely that other will misuse
their skills or data, unless corrective mechanisms,
e.g., peer or external professional or independent
review, are available
 Any examples?
(e)Behavior analysts do not exaggerate claims for
effectiveness of particular procedures or of behavior
analysis in general
 “stick to data”
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(f) If behavior analysts learn of misuse or
misinterpretation of their individual work products,
they take reasonable and feasible steps to correct or
minimize the misuse or misrepresentation
Behavior analysts must correct the misuse or
misinterpretation of their data
USING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION FOR
DIDACTIC OR INSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES (10.02)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(a)Behavior analysts do not disclose in their writings, lecture, or other
public media, confidential, personally identifiable information
concerning their individual or organizational clients, students, research
participants, or other recipients of their services that they obtained
during the course of their work, unless there is other ethical or legal
authorization for doing so.
 In which situation can the behavior analyst
be allowed to disclose
confidential information?
“The behavior analyst shall release
confidential information upon court order
or to conform with state law, or federal law
or regulation”
http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/201/043/040.htm
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(b) Ordinarily, in such scientific and professional presentations, behavior
analysts disguise confidential information concerning such persons or
organizations so that they are not individually identifiable to others and so
that discussions do not cause harm to identifiable participants.
Made up names
 Masked references

CONFORMING WITH LAW AND REGULATIONS (10.03)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Behavior analysts plan and conduct research in a manner
consistent with applicable laws and regulations, as well as
professional standards governing the conduct of research, and
particularly those standards governing research with human
participants and animal subjects. Behavior analysts also comply
with other applicable laws and regulations relating to mandated
reporting requirements.
 Federal and state laws may regulate the manner in which human
and animal subjects are involved.
INFORMED CONSENT (10.04)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(a)Using language that is reasonably understandable
to
participants, behavior analysts inform participants
of the nature of the research: they inform participants
that they are free to participate or to decline to participate or to withdraw from the
research: they explain the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing: they
inform participants of significant factors that may be expected to influence their
willingness to participate (such as risk, discomfort, adverse effects, or limitations on
confidentiality, except as provided in standard 10.05 below): and they explain other
aspects about which the prospective participants inquire.
Informed consent
 The participant is free to drop out at any time

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h16Ujzw9VtA&feature=related
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(b) For person who are legally incapable of giving informed consent, behavior
analysts nevertheless (1) provide an appropriate explanation, (2) discontinue
research if the person gives clear signs of unwillingness to continue participation,
and (3) obtain appropriate permission from a legally authorized person, if such
substitute consent is permitted by law

Appropriate explanation MUST be provided

Do not ignore the signs of unwillingness:
the person is free to drop out at any time!

Consent from the participant or from legally
authorized person
DECEPTION IN RESEARCH (10.05)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
(a)Behavior analysts do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of
deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that
equally effective alternative procedures that do not use deception are not feasible
(b)Behavior analysts never deceive research participants about significant aspects that would affect their
willingness to participate, such as physical risks, discomfort or unpleasant emotional experiences.
(c)Any other deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment must be explained to
participant as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the
conclusion of the research.
Definition: Deception occurs as the result of investigators providing
false or incomplete information to participants for the purpose of
misleading research subjects.
 Do no Harm!!
 Do not used deception but in rare cases where the knowledge of the target
behavior or type of intervention might affect the behavior adversely
 If deception needs to be used, explanation must be given to the participant as
soon as possible.
http://oregonstate.edu/research/ori/deception.html
INFORMING OF FUTURE USE (10.06)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Behavior analysts inform research participants of
their anticipated sharing or further use of
personally identifiable research data and of the
possibility of unanticipated future uses.
 The behavior analyst must tell participant that
the data might be presented at future conferences
MINIMIZING INTERFERENCE (10.07)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

In conducting research, behavior analysts
interfere with the participants or environment
from which data are collected only in a manner
that is warranted by an appropriate research
design and that is consistent with behavior
analysts’ roles as scientific investigators
Avoid intrusion and disturbance
 Stick to your research protocol!
COMMITMENT TO RESEARCH PARTICIPANT (10.08)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Behavior analyst take reasonable measures to
honor all commitments they have made to
research participants.
 Honor your promises
 Money, services
ENSURING PARTICIPANT ANONYMITY (10.09)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

In presenting research, the behavior analyst
ensure participant anonymity unless specifically
waived by the participant or surrogate.
 Participant must be ensured that his anonymity
will be respected

No name will be divulged
“Researchers are studying phenomena, not individuals,
so names are not really relevant”?
INFORMING OF WITHDRAWAL (10.10)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

The behavior analyst informs the participant
that withdrawal from the research may occur at
any time without penalty except as stipulated in
advance, as in fees contingent upon completing a
project
 withdrawal at any time without adverse
consequences
DEBRIEFING (10.11)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

The behavior analyst informs the participant
that debriefing will occur at the conclusion of the
participant’s involvement in the research
ANSWERING RESEARCH QUESTION(10.12)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

The behavior analyst answer all questions of the
participant about the research that are
consistent with being able to conduct the
research.
 debriefing: the participant is allowed to ask all
questions pertaining to the study
WRITTEN CONSENT (10.13)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

The behavior analyst must obtain the written
consent of the participant or surrogate before
beginning the research.
 written consent must be obtained BEFORE the
research begin
EXTRA CREDIT (10.14)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

If the behavior analyst recruit participants from
classes and the participant are provided additional
credit for participating in the research,
nonparticipating students must be provided
alternative activities that generate comparable credits.
PAYING PARTICIPANTS (10.15)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

The behavior analyst who pay participants for
research involvement or uses money as a
reinforcer must obtain Institutional review Board
or Human rights Committee approval of this
practice and conform to any special requirements
that may be established in the process of
approval.
Researcher must get approval before the research
begins
IRB, Human right committee
WITHHOLDING PAYMENT (10.16)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

The behavior analyst who withholds part of the
money earned by the participant until the
participant has completed their research
involvement must inform the participant of this
condition prior to beginning the experiment
 conditions must be explained to the participant
before the research begins
GRANT REVIEW (10.17)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

The behavior analyst who serves on grant review
panels avoids conducting any research described
in grant proposals that the behavior analyst
reviewed, except as replication fully crediting the
prior researchers.
 Behavior analysts invited to serve on peer
review committees to evaluate research must not
use the idea from other in their own research
ANIMAL RESEARCH (10.18)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Behavior analyst who conduct
research involving animals treat
them humanely and are in compliance with the
Federal Animal Welfare Act
Electric shocks : human treatment?
 80% of their “normal weight”: human treatment?

ACCURACY OF DATA (10.19)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Behavior analysts do not fabricate data or falsify results
in their publication. If behavior analysts discover significant
errors in their published data, they take reasonably steps to
correct such errors in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other
appropriate publication means.

be honest!

Your data must be truthful
AUTHORSHIP AND FINDING (10.20)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)
Behavior analyst do not present portions or elements of
another’s work or data as their own, even if the other work
or data source is cited occasionally nor do they omit finding
that might alter other’s interpretations of their work or
behavior analysis in general
PLAGIARISM
ACKNOWLEDGING AND CONTRIBUTIONS (10.21)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

In presenting research, the behavior analyst acknowledge the
contributions of other who contributed to the conduct of the
research by including them as co-authors or footnoting their
contributions.
PRINCIPAL AUTHORSHIP AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS CREDITS (10.22)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Principal authorship and other publication credits
accurately reflect the relative scientific or
contributions of the individuals involved,
regardless of their relative status. Mere possession
of an institutional position, such as department
chair, does not justify authorship credit. Minor
contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are
appropriately acknowledged, such as in footnotes or in an introductory
statement. Further, these guidelines recognize and support the ethical
requirements for authorship and publication practices contained in the
ethical code of the American Psychological Association.
Behavior analysts will need to determine which names will be
included and what the order will be before the research is
submitted for review
Most significant contribution: first (author)
Lesser degree of contribution (coauthor)
PUBLISHING DATA (10.23)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

Behavior analysts do not publish, as original data, data that they
have been previously published. This does not preclude
republishing data when they are accompanied by proper
acknowledgement
 Research can only be published ONCE
WITHHOLDING DATA (10.24)
(BAILEY & BURCH, 2011)

After research results are published, behavior analysts do not
withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other
competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims
through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that
purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can
be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data
preclude their release.
 Keep your data after your article has been published
SIMILAR ETHICAL CODES IN RELATED
FIELD
APA
 O.T
 Art therapy
 P.T
 A.S.A.H
 N.E.A

APA CODE OF ETHICS
BACB guidelines
APA guidelines
The behavior analyst and research (10.0)
Scholarship and research (10.01(a))
Scholarship and research (10.01(b))
Using confidential information for didactic or instructive
purpose (10.02)
Conforming with laws or regulations (10.03)
Informed consent (10.04)
8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and
Images in Research
8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research
Deception in Research (10.05)
Informing of future use (10.06)
Minimizing interference (10.07)
Commitments to research participants (10.08)
Ensuring participant anonymity (10.09)
Informing of withdrawal (10.10)
Debriefing (10.11)
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
BACB guidelines
APA guidelines
Answering research questions (10.12)
Written consent (10.13)
Extra credit (10.14)
Paying participants (10.15)
8.06 Offering Inducements for Research
Participation
Withholding payment (10.16)
Grant reviews (10.17)
Animal research (10.18)
Accuracy of data (10.19)
Authorship and findings (10.20)
Acknowledging contributions (10.21)
Principal authorship and other publication credits
(10.22)
Publishing data (10.23)
Withholding data (10.24)
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
O.T CODE OF ETHICS
BACB guidelines
O.T guidelines
The behavior analyst and research (10.0)
Scholarship and research (10.01)
Using confidential information for didactic or instructive
purpose (10.02)
Conforming with laws or regulations (10.03)
Informed consent (10.04)
Deception in Research (10.05)
Informing of future use (10.06)
Minimizing interference (10.07)
Commitments to research participants (10.08)
Ensuring participant anonymity (10.09)
Informing of withdrawal (10.10)
Debriefing (10.11)
http://www.aota.org/consumers/ethics/39880.aspx
BACB guidelines
O.T guidelines
Answering research questions (10.12)
Written consent (10.13)
I. Obtain all necessary approvals prior to initiating research
activities.
Extra credit (10.14)
Paying participants (10.15)
C. Avoid relationships that exploit the recipient of services,
students, research participants, or employees physically,
emotionally, psychologically, financially, socially, or in any
other manner that conflicts or interferes with professional
judgment and objectivity.
Withholding payment (10.16)
Grant reviews (10.17)
Animal research (10.18)
Accuracy of data (10.19)
Authorship and findings (10.20)
Acknowledging contributions (10.21)
Principal authorship and other publication credits (10.22)
Publishing data (10.23)
Withholding data (10.24)
http://www.aota.org/consumers/ethics/39880.aspx
ART THERAPY CODE OF ETHICS
BACB guidelines
A.T guidelines
The behavior analyst and research (10.0)
Scholarship and research (10.01)
Using confidential information for
didactic or instructive purpose (10.02)
Conforming with laws or regulations (10.03)
Informed consent (10.04)
Deception in Research (10.05)
Informing of future use (10.06)
Minimizing interference (10.07)
Commitments to research participants (10.08)
Ensuring participant anonymity (10.09)
Informing of withdrawal (10.10)
Debriefing (10.11)
http://www.atcb.org/export/sites/atcb/_resources/author_files/2011-ATCB-Code-of-Professional-Practice.pdf
BACB guidelines
A.T guidelines
Answering research questions (10.12)
Written consent (10.13)
Extra credit (10.14)
Paying participants (10.15)
Withholding payment (10.16)
Grant reviews (10.17)
Animal research (10.18)
Accuracy of data (10.19)
Authorship and findings (10.20)
Acknowledging contributions (10.21)
Principal authorship and other publication
credits (10.22)
Publishing data (10.23)
Withholding data (10.24)
http://www.atcb.org/export/sites/atcb/_resources/author_files/2011-ATCB-Code-of-Professional-Practice.pdf
P.T CODE OF ETHICS
BACB guidelines
P.T guidelines
The behavior analyst and research (10.0)
Scholarship and research (10.01)
Using confidential information for didactic
or instructive purpose (10.02)
Conforming with laws or regulations
(10.03)
Informed consent (10.04)
Deception in Research (10.05)
Informing of future use (10.06)
Minimizing interference (10.07)
Commitments to research participants
(10.08)
Ensuring participant anonymity (10.09)
Informing of withdrawal (10.10)
Debriefing (10.11)
http://www.apta.org/uploadedFiles/APTAorg/About_Us/Policies/HOD/Ethics/CodeofEthics.pdf
BACB guidelines
P.T guidelines
Answering research questions (10.12)
Written consent (10.13)
Extra credit (10.14)
Paying participants (10.15)
Withholding payment (10.16)
Grant reviews (10.17)
Animal research (10.18)
Accuracy of data (10.19)
Authorship and findings (10.20)
Acknowledging contributions (10.21)
Principal authorship and other publication
credits (10.22)
Publishing data (10.23)
Withholding data (10.24)
http://www.apta.org/uploadedFiles/APTAorg/About_Us/Policies/HOD/Ethics/CodeofEthics.pdf
A.S.A.H CODE OF ETHICS
BACB guidelines
A.S.A.H guidelines
The behavior analyst and research (10.0)
Scholarship and research (10.01)
Using confidential information for didactic
or instructive purpose (10.02)
Conforming with laws or regulations
(10.03)
Informed consent (10.04)
Deception in Research (10.05)
Informing of future use (10.06)
Minimizing interference (10.07)
Commitments to research participants
(10.08)
Ensuring participant anonymity (10.09)
Informing of withdrawal (10.10)
Debriefing (10.11)
http://www.asha.org/docs/pdf/ET2010-00309.pdf
BACB guidelines
A.S.A.H guidelines
Answering research questions (10.12)
Written consent (10.13)
Extra credit (10.14)
Paying participants (10.15)
Withholding payment (10.16)
Grant reviews (10.17)
Animal research (10.18)
Accuracy of data (10.19)
Authorship and findings (10.20)
Acknowledging contributions (10.21)
Principal authorship and other publication
credits (10.22)
Publishing data (10.23)
Withholding data (10.24)
http://www.asha.org/docs/pdf/ET2010-00309.pdf
N.E.A
CODE OF ETHICS
BACB guidelines
N.E.A guidelines
The behavior analyst and research (10.0)
Scholarship and research (10.01)
Using confidential information for didactic
or instructive purpose (10.02)
Conforming with laws or regulations
(10.03)
Informed consent (10.04)
Deception in Research (10.05)
Informing of future use (10.06)
Minimizing interference (10.07)
Commitments to research participants
(10.08)
Ensuring participant anonymity (10.09)
Informing of withdrawal (10.10)
Debriefing (10.11)
http://www.nea.org/home/30442.htm
BACB guidelines
N.E.A guidelines
Answering research questions (10.12)
Written consent (10.13)
Extra credit (10.14)
Paying participants (10.15)
Withholding payment (10.16)
Grant reviews (10.17)
Animal research (10.18)
Accuracy of data (10.19)
Authorship and findings (10.20)
Acknowledging contributions (10.21)
Principal authorship and other publication
credits (10.22)
Publishing data (10.23)
Withholding data (10.24)
http://www.nea.org/home/30442.htm
SUMMARY

Behavior analysts must ensure that
The procedure is approved by Research committees.
 Nobody will be harmed during the study
 Participants are respected
 The findings will not be misused by other
 Authorship issues have been addressed.

QUESTIONS?
REFERENCES
Bailey, J.S., &Burch, M.R. (2001). Ethics for behavior analysts (2nd Expanded Edition). Routledge.
Video from:
http://nationalethicscenter.org/resources/teachingmaterials
O.T code of ethics
www.aota.org/consumers/ethics/39880.aspx
ASAH code of ethics
www.asha.org/docs/pdf/ET2010-00309.pdf
APA code of ethics
www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
P.T code of ethics
http://www.apta.org/uploadedFiles/APTAorg/About_Us/Policies/HOD/Ethics/CodeofEthics.pdf
NEA code of ethics
http://www.nea.org/home/30442.htm
Art therapy code of ethics
http://www.atcb.org/export/sites/atcb/_resources/author_files/2011-ATCB-Code-of-Professional-Practice.pdf
http://nationalethicscenter.org/resources/142/download/authorship_2MC.pdf