Presentation File - 2012 US Biochar Conference
Download
Report
Transcript Presentation File - 2012 US Biochar Conference
High nitrogen supply alleviates
reduced sugarbeet growth caused by
hydrochar application
Heinz-Josef Koch & Ana Gajić
Institute of Sugar Beet Research, Goettingen, Germany
2012 US Biochar Conference – Sonoma (CA), 29.07.-01.08.2012.
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
2
In Germany, increasing cultivation of energy
crops and use of crop residues for energy
production has considerably reduced the amount
of crop residue left on arable fields
The German Federal Soil Protection Act
stipulates that "the site-specific soil humus
content must be preserved by the agricultural
practices applied, in particular by an adequate
supply of organic matter ...“
To prevent humus depletion of arable fields,
alternative practices and concepts must be
developed (e.g. biochar, hydrochar)
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
3
F. Bergius (1913) – HydroThermal Carbonization
Biomass → hydrochar + process water + gas + heat
Processing conditions:
aqueous solution (acidic), 180 - 250 °C, 4 - 12 h
Carbon conversion efficiency ~ 90%
Hydrochar (HTC-biochar)
Lignite alike product
Energy production
HTC
Hydrochar nanoparticles
Large specific surface area
Nutrient storage and
buffering?
Porous structure
Water storage?
Decomposition stability
Carbon sequestration?
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
4
Hydrochar production conditions: 12 h, 190 °C
Plant available nutrients
Hydrochar
N
made from
NO3, NH4
P
CAL
K
CAL
Mg
CaCl2
[g kg-1]
-------- Other properties ----Ct
Nt
C:N
pH
EC
[%]
[%]
[]
[]
[mS cm-1]
Beet pulp
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.2
50.1 1.3 38.3 5.9
2.8
Draff**
0.4
1.0
0.3
0.5
54.4 3.5 15.5 5.3
2.3
* VDLUFA - horticultural substrates
**Spent grains
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrochar
on sugar beet growth and mineral N (Nmin) availability
on typical German arable soils.
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
5
Field trial (51 N, 10 E)
Luvisol (loessial), temperate climate (620 mm, ~9 °C)
2 factorial (split-plot, 4 replicates)
1. Hydrochar (H)
Control, Beet pulp, Draff
2. Nitrogen fertilization (N)
0, 50, 100, 150 kg N ha-1
Hydrochar 10 Mg ha-1 (dm)
Test crop: Sugar beet
(April – October)
Site Goettingen, 2010
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
6
May:
Hydrochar effect on seedling emergence and growth
H ns | N ns | HxN ns
DC 10
DC 12
DC 14
Growth stage:
DC 14
4-6 leaves
80
60
DC 12
2-4 leaves
40
20
DC 10
cotyledon
Control
Beet pulp
50
10
0
0
50
10
0
0
-1
kg N ha :
50
10
0
0
0
Seedling emergence [%]
100
Draff
----------Hydrochar----------
Beet pulp / N0
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
7
June harvest:
Hydrochar effect on sugar beet yield and N content
Yield H ** | N ** | HxN **
N content H ns | N ** | HxN ns
10
d
800
8
cd
600
bc
b
400
bc bc
b
6
a
200
4
Control
Beet pulp
0
50
10
0
0
0
50
10
0
0 -1
kg N ha :
Draff
----------Hydrochar----------
N content [% in dm]
d
0
50
10
0
Single plant yield [mg, dm]
1000
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
8
Hydrochar effect on
Soil Nmin (N-NO3 + N-NH4)
and
4
150
b
100
a
a
50
-2
200
3
2
Control
Beet pulp
Draff
Nmin 0-30 cm
Leaf Area Index [m m ]
-1
Nmin 0-90 cm [kg N ha ]
250
0
Sampling: 05. May
ns
Leaf Area Index
2
1
Control
Beet pulp
Draff
0
09. Jun
ns
07. Jul
***
30. Sep
ns
.
28
n
Ju
l
12
u
.J
26
u
.J
l
g
09
u
.A
g
24
u
.A
06
e
.S
p
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
9
October harvest: Hydrochar effect on
Beet N Uptake
and
White Sugar Yield
13
H ** | N ** | HxN ns
H ** | N ns | HxN **
50
0-1
kg N ha :
B
A
B
0 50 00 50
1 1
Control
0 50 00 50
1 1
Beet pulp
0 50 00 50
1 1
Draff
--------Hydrochar--------
11
c c c c
b
b b
10
0
kg N ha-1
Control
c c
b b b
a a
Beet pulp
c c c c
b b b b
a a
0
50
10
150
0
75
12
0
50
10
150
0
100
0
50
10
150
0
-1
Beet N uptake [kg ha ]
-1
Adjusted sugar yield [Mg ha ]
125
Draff
-------Hydrochar--------
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
10
Greenhouse trial
Cambisol (100 mg N kg-1), 1 kg soil pot-1
Block design (4 replicates)
1. Hydrochar (H)
Control, Beet pulp, Draff
2. Nitrogen fertilization (N)
0, 100, 200 mg N kg-1 soil
Hydrochar 30 Mg ha-1 (dm)
Test crop: Sugar beet
4 weeks of growing,
20 °C, 40-80 % WHCmax
IfZ Goettingen, 2011
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
11
Hydrochar effect on single plant yield and N content
Control
Whole plants harvested after 4 weeks of growing
Yield: H ** | N ** | HxN **
N content: H ** | N ** | HxN *
e
800
10
e
e
e
de
600
400
200
6
cd
c
e
e
d
c
ab
0
0 0
-1 0
mg N kg : 10 20
Control
8
b
a
b
c
b
2
Beet
Beetpulp
pulp
Draff
Beer draff
a
0 00 00
1 2
Beet pulp
4
N content [% in dm]
Single plant yield [mg, dm]
1000
0 00 00
1 2
Draff
--------Hydrochar--------
0
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
12
Hydrochar effects (10-30 Mg ha-1) on
Early sugar beet growth:
Seedling emergence and establishment was not affected
Seedling growth was significantly reduced at low N supply
Increased N supply partly (field) or completely (greenhouse)
compensated for stunted early growth (toxic compounds?)
Early growth reduction was more severe with hydrochar
from beet pulp (C/N 38) compared to draff (C/N 16)
N
immobilization
Final sugar beet yield and quality:
No yield decrease due to hydrochar, when N supply was adequate
Beet pulp hydrochar (but not draff) reduced yield at low N supply
Draff hydrochar slightly increased N uptake at low N supply
→ Re-mineralization of N
Introduction | Material and Methods | Results and Discussion | Summary and Outlook
13
Mean residence time (microcosm study):
Wheat straw (1 y) < Hydrochar (5-8 y) <<< Biochar (4x1012 y)
Hydrochar (30 Mg ha-1) effects on soil properties:
pH and CEC
Aggregate stability
Water holding capacity
Open questions
Optimum HTC conditions: feedstock, temperature, time?
Optimum crop and time of application?
Phytotoxicity?
C balance, energy balance, GHG emission?
Thanks for Your attention!
14
Gajić, A. & Koch H.-J. (2012): Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Growth Reduction Caused by
Hydrochar Is Related to Nitrogen Supply. J Environ Qual doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0237.