Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism
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Transcript Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism
Section 1: The Industrial
Revolution
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
1780’s
Starting place
Agrarian revolution
Population growth
Enclosure movement laws
Britain had a ready supply capital
Entrepreneurs –laissez-faire economy
Supply of markets – British colonies
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Changes in Cotton Production
Two step process:
Spinners
Weavers
Cottage Industries
Technological advancements
Flying Shuttle
Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves
Water-powered loom Edmund Cartwright
Bring the workers to the machines
Steam engine – James Watt
Production increases
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
The Coal and Iron Industries
Coal – Fuel
Iron Industry
Iron ore
Henry Cort –puddling
British iron industry booms
The New Factories
New labor system
Discipline of the workers
Railroads
Richard Trevithick
George Stephenson – Blucher
Stockton & Darlington – Manchester to Liverpool
Rocket
Railroads economic impact
New jobs
Less expensive transportation
Larger markets
More sales mean more factories
Profits – reinvestment in new machines
Economic growth
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
The Spread of Industrialization
Europe
Belgium, France and Germany
North America
Roads and canals
Robert Fulton –Clermont
Railroad
Labor
Factory owners
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Social Impact in Europe
Population and Urban Growth
Population in Europe
1750 – 140 million
1850 – 266 million
Key – decline in death rate
Urbanization
Famine and poverty
Enclosure laws and industrialization
Large cities
Poor conditions – urban reformers
The Industrial Middle Class
Industrial Capitalism
New middle class group
Industrialists were people who built the factories, bought the machines,
and developed the markets – they had the initiative, vision, ambition and
greed
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Working Class
Poor working conditions
Long hours
No security of employment
No minimum wage
Coal Mines
Dangerous conditions
Cotton Mills
Worst conditions
Michael Saddler
Factory Act of 1833
Women
Employment of women and children - cottage industries
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Early Socialism
Reformers
Socialism
Public ownership
Ideal society
Utopian Socialists
Karl Marx
Robert Owen
Socialist
New Lanark, Scotland
U.S. – New Harmony, Indiana
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
The Congress of Vienna (1814)
Restore old order
The Great Powers
Prince Klemens von Metternich
Monarchs
Balance of Power
Territorial changes
Keep any one power
Conservatism
social stability
political authority
keep order
Anti
The Concert of Europe
Principle of Intervention
the right to send armies
Great Britain
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
Forces of Change
Liberalism
Enlightenment
Protection of civil liberties
Bill of Rights
Constitutionalism
Representative assembly
Did not believe in democracy
“men of property”
Liberalism = Middle class men
Nationalism
Part of a community defined by a distinctive language, common institution, and customs
French Revolution
Nationalism was threat to the existing political order
Revolutionary Outbursts (Led by liberals and nationalists)
France
Charles X in 1830
Constitutional monarchy
Louis Philippe
Belgium (1830)
Nationalism
Dutch in 1815
Independent state
Poland and Italy
Poland from Russia
Italy from Austria
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
The Revolutions of 1848
Another French Revolution
Economic problems
Louis Philippe
Monarchy overthrown in 1848
November 4, 1848
38 independent German states
Frankfort Assembly
Revolutions in Central Europe
Austrian Empire
Second Republic
Single legislature & President
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Louis-Napoleon
Trouble in the German States
The German Confederation
Wanted France to become a republic
Constitutional assembly
Universal Male Suffrage
A Multinational State
Hapsburg Dynasty
March 1848
Demonstrations
Metternich
Vienna
In Bohemia, the Czechs
Revolts in the Italian States
9 states in Italy
Kingdom of Piedmont – north
The Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily)
The Papal States
A number of small states
Lombardi and Venetia – Northern Province – controlled by Austria
In 1848 – revolts
By 1849
Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism
Section 3: National Unification and
Nationalism
Toward National Unification
Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
The Crimean War
Russia and Ottoman Empire
Russia needs a warm water port
1853 – Moldavia and Walachia
Great Britain and France
Treaty of Paris 1856
Concert of Europe
Italian Unification
Kingdom of Piedmont
Royal House of Savoy ruled here
Island of Sardinia, Nice, and Savoy
King Victor Emmanuel II
Camillo di Cavour
Following the war – Nice and Savoy
Lombardy
Venetia
Giuseppe Garibaldi – Red Shirts
Garibaldi –The Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples)
King Victor Emmanuel II
Austro-Prussian War of 1866
Franco-Prussian War
Section 3: National Unification and
Nationalism
German Unification
Prussia
King William I
Otto von Bismarck
“realpolitik”
Denmark
Austria
Prussia – North German Confederation
Franco-Prussian War 1870
Peace Treaty
Southern German states
France
5 Billion Francs
Alsace and Lorraine
Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles
William I
Kaiser of the Second German Empire
Section 3: National Unification and
Nationalism
Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Great Britain
Parliament avoids revolution
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
France
Louis-Napoleon
Plebiscite
Napoleon III
The Austrian Empire
Nationalism was a problem for them
Compromise of 1867
Created a duel monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Vienna, Austria and Budapest, Hungary
Francis Joseph
Russia
Crimean War
Czar Alexander II
Emancipation Edict
Alexander in 1881
His son Alexander III
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Section 3: National Unification and
Nationalism
Nationalism in the United States
US Constitution
Two factions
Federalists
Republicans
War of 1812
Slave trade ended in 1808
Slavery
4 million
South’s economy was based on cotton
Abolitionism
Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin
Movement to end slavery
Fredrick Douglas
President Abraham Lincoln
Election of 1860 – Lincoln
December 20, 1860 – South Carolina – voted to secede
February 1861 - 6 more
Confederate States of America
4 more states seceded
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
Confederate forces surrendered on April 9, 1865
Section 4: Romanticism and Realism
Section 4: Romanticism and Realism
Romanticism
1700’s a new intellectual movement
feelings, emotion, and imagination
Valued individualism
Loved the past – Middle Ages
Romanticism in Art and Music
Romantic Artists shared two features:
Inner feelings
Vision and imagination
Eugene Delacroix
“a painting should be a feast for the eyes”
Liberty Leading the People
The Lion Hunt
Music
Ludwig van Beethoven
Classical and romantic music
Third Symphony
Section 4: Romanticism and Realism
Romanticism in Literature
Sir Walter Scott
Gothic Literature
Ivanhoe
Mary Shelley’s – Frankenstein
Edgar Allen Poe’s
short stories of horror
Poetry
Was the ideal art form
William Wordsworth
Critical of science
William Blake – poet and artist
Songs of Innocence
Songs of Experience
Section 4: Romanticism and Realism
New Age of Science
New Discoveries
Louis Pasteur
Dmitry Mendeleyev
Michael Faraday
Secularization
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Principle of Organic Evolution
Natural Selection
Survival of the fittest
The Decent of Man
Controversial
Section 4: Romanticism and Realism
Realism
Realism in Literature
Gustave Flaubert
Madame Bovary
Charles Dickens
Oliver Twist
David Copperfield
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet
portray scenes from everyday life
“ I have never seen either angels or goddesses, so I am not
interested in painting them”