Transcript PPT
EELE 367 – Logic Design Module 5 – Sequential Logic Design with VHDL
•
Agenda
1. Flip-Flops & Latches 2. Counters 3. Finite State Machines 4. State Variable Encoding
Latches
•
Latches
– we’ve learned all of the VHDL syntax necessary to describe sequential storage elements – Let’s review where sequential devices come from
•
SR Latch
- To understand the SR Latch, we must remember the truth table for a NOR Gate AB F 00 1 01 0 10 0 11 0
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 2
Latches
•
SR Latch
- when S=0 & R=0, it puts this circuit into a Bi-stable feedback mode where the output is either: 0 0 0 Q=0, Qn=1 1 0 AB F 00 1 (U2) 01 0 10 0 (U1) 11 0 1 0 Q=1, Qn=0 0 1 0 1 0 AB F 00 1 (U1) 01 0 (U2) 10 0 11 0
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 3
Latches
•
SR Latch
- we can force a known state using S & R: 1 1 0 Set (S=1, R=0) 0 1 0 AB F 00 1 (U1) 01 0 10 0 (U2) 11 0 (U2) 0 0 Reset (S=0, R=1) 1 1 0 1 AB F 00 1 (U2) 01 0 (U1) 10 0 11 0 (U1)
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 4
Latches
•
SR Latch
- we can write a Truth Table for an SR Latch as follows S R 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Q Last Q 0 1 0 Qn Last Qn 1 0 0 .
- Hold - Reset - Set Don’t Use - S=1 & R=1 forces a 0 on both outputs. However, when the latch comes out of this state it is metastable. This means the final state is unknown.
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 5
Latches
•
S’R’ Latch
- we can also use NAND gates to form an inverted SR Latch S’ R’ 0 0 Q 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Last Q Qn 1 0 1 Last Qn .
Don’t Use - Set - Reset - Hold
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 6
Latches
•
SR Latch w/ Enable
- we then can add an enable line using NAND gates - remember the Truth Table for a NAND gate AB F 00 1 01 1 10 1 11 0 - a 0 on any input forces a 1 on the output when C=0, the two EN NAND Gate outputs are 1, which forces “Last Q/Qn” - when C=1, S & R are passed through INVERTED
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 7
Latches
•
SR Latch w/ Enable
- the truth table then becomes C S R 1 0 0 Q Last Q 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 x x Last Q Qn Last Qn .
1 0 1 Last Qn - Hold - Reset - Set Don’t Use - Hold
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 8
Latches
•
D Latch
a modification to the SR Latch where R = S’ creates a D-latch - when C=1, Q <= D - when C=0, Q <= Last Value C D 1 0 1 1 0 x Q 0 1 Last Q Qn 1 0 .
- track - track Last Qn - Hold
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 9
Latches
•
VHDL of a D Latch
architecture Dlatch_arch of Dlatch is begin LATCH : process (D,C) begin if (C=‘1’) then Q<=D; Qn<=not D; else Q<=Q; Qn<=Qn; end if; end process; end architecture;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 10
Flip Flops
•
D-Flip-Flops
- we can combine D-latches to get an edge triggered storage device (or flop) - the first D latch is called the “Master”, the second D-latch the “Slave” Master CLK=0, Q<=D “Open” CLK=1, Q<=Q “Closed” Slave CLK=0, Q<=Q “Close” CLK=1, Q<=D “Open” on a rising edge of clock, D is “latched” and held on Q until the next rising edge
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 11
Flip Flops
•
VHDL of a D-Flip-Flop
architecture DFF_arch of DFF is begin FLOP : process (CLK) begin if ( CLK’event and CLK=1) then -- recognized by all synthesizers as DFF Q<=D; Qn<=not D; else Q<=Q; Qn<=Qn; end if; end process; end architecture;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 12
Counters
•
Counters
- special name of any clocked sequential circuit whose state diagram is a circle - there are many types of counters, each suited for particular applications
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 13
Counters
•
Binary Counter
- state machine that produces a straight binary count - for n-flip-flops, 2 n counts can be produced - the Next State Logic "F" is a combinational SOP/POS circuit - the speed will be limited by the Setup/Hold and Combinational Delay of "F" - this gives the maximum number of counts for n-flip flops
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 14
Counters
•
Toggle Flop
- a D-Flip-Flop can product a "Divide-by-2" effect by feeding back Qn to D - this topology is also called a "Toggle Flop"
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 15
Counters
•
Ripple Counter
- Cascaded Toggle Flops can be used to form rippled counter - there is no Next State Logic - this is slower than a straight binary counter due to waiting for the "ripple" - this is good for low power, low speed applications
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 16
Counters
•
Synchronous Counter with ENABLE
- an enable can be included in a "Synchronous" binary counter using Toggle Flops - the enabled is implemented by AND'ing the Q output prior to the next toggle flop - this gives us the "ripple" effect, but also gives the ability to run synchronously - a little faster, but still less gates than a straight binary circuit
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 17
Counters
•
Shift Register
- a chain of D-Flip-Flops that pass data to one another - this is good for "pipelining" - also good for Serial-to-Parallel conversion - for n-flip-flops, the data is present at the final state after n clocks
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 18
Counters
•
Ring Counter
- feeding the output of a shift register back to the input creates a "ring counter" - also called a "One Hot" - The first flip-flop needs to reset to 1, while the others reset to 0 - for n flip-flops, there will be n counts
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 19
Counters
•
Johnson Counter
- feeding the inverted output of a shift register back to the input creates a "Johnson Counter" - this gives more states with the same reduced gate count - all flip-flops can reset to 0 - for n flip-flops, there will be 2n counts
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 20
Counters
•
Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) Counter
- all of the counters based off of shift registers give far less states than the 2 n counts that are possible - a LFSR counter is based off of the theory of
finite fields -
created by French Mathematician Evariste Galois (1811-1832) - for each size of shift register, a feedback equation is given which is the sum modulo 2 of a certain set of output bits - this equation produces the input to the shift register - this type of counter can produce 2 n -1 counts, nearly the maximum possible
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 21
Counters
•
Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) Counter
- the feedback equations are listed in Table 8.26 of the textbook - It is defined that bits always shift from X n-1 register previously to X 0 (or Q 0 to Q n-1 ) as we defined the shift - they each use XOR gates (sum modulo 2) of particular bits in the register chain ex) : 8 : 5 6 7 n 2 3 4 Feedback Equation X2 = X1 X0 X3 = X1 X4 = X1 X5 = X2 X6 = X1 X7 = X3 X8 = X4 X0 X0 X0 X0 X0 X3 X2 : : X0
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 22
Counters
•
Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) Counter
ex) 4-flip-flop LFSR Counter Feedback Equation = X1 X0 (or Q2 Q3 as we defined it) # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 repeat Q(0:3) 1000 0100 0010 1001 1100 0110 1011 0101 1010 1101 1110 1111 0111 0011 0001 1000 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 Sin 0 0 - this is 2 n -1 unique counts
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 23
Counters
•
Counters in VHDL
- strong type casting in VHDL can make modeling counters difficult (at first glance) - the reason for this is that the STANDARD and STD_LOGIC Packages do not define "+", "-", or inequality operators for BIT_VECTOR or STD_LOGIC_VECTOR types
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 24
Counters
•
Counters in VHDL
- there are a couple ways that we get around this 1) Use the STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED Package - this package defines "+" and "-" functions for STD_LOGIC_VECTOR - we can use +1 just like normal - the vector will wrap as suspected (1111 - 0000) - one catch is that we can't assign to a Port - we need to create an internal signal of STD_LOGIC_VECTOR for counting - we then assign to the Port at the end
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 25
Counters
•
Counters in VHDL using STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL; entity counter is Port ( Clock : in STD_LOGIC; Reset : in STD_LOGIC; Direction : in STD_LOGIC; Count_Out : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0)); end counter; -- call the package
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 26
Counters
•
Counters in VHDL using STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED
architecture counter_arch of counter is signal count_temp : std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); begin process (Clock, Reset) begin if (Reset = '0') then count_temp <= "0000"; elsif (Clock='1' and Clock'event) then if (Direction='0') then count_temp <= count_temp + '1'; else count_temp <= count_temp - '1'; end if; end if; end process; -- Notice internal signal -- count_temp can be used on both LHS and RHS Count_Out <= count_temp; end counter_arch; -- assign to Port after the process
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 27
Counters
•
Counters in VHDL
2) Use integers for the counter and then convert back to STD_LOGIC_VECTOR - STD_LOGIC_ARITH is a Package that defines a conversion function - the function is: conv_std_logic_vector (ARG, SIZE) - functions are defined for ARG = integer, unsigned, signed, STD_ULOGIC - SIZE is the number of bits in the vector to convert to, given as an integer - we need to keep track of the RANGE and Counter Overflow
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 28
Counters
•
Counters in VHDL using STD_LOGIC_ARITH
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL; entity counter is Port ( Clock : in STD_LOGIC; Reset : in STD_LOGIC; Direction : in STD_LOGIC; Count_Out : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 downto 0)); end counter; -- call the package
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 29
Counters
•
Counters in VHDL using STD_LOGIC_ARITH
architecture counter_arch of counter is signal count_temp : integer range 0 to 15; begin process (Clock, Reset) begin if (Reset = '0') then count_temp <= 0; elsif (Clock='1' and Clock'event) then if (count_temp = 15) then count_temp <= 0; else count_temp <= count_temp + 1; end if; end if; end process; -- Notice internal integer specified with Range -- integer assignment doesn't requires quotes -- we manually check for overflow Count_Out <= conv_std_logic_vector (count_temp, 4); end counter_arch; -- convert integer into a 4-bit STD_LOGIC_VECTOR
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 30
Counters
• •
Counters in VHDL
3) Use UNSIGNED data types #'s - STD_LOGIC_ARITH also defines "+", "-", and equality for UNSIGNED types - UNSIGNED is a Data type defined in STD_LOGIC_ARITH - UNSIGNED is an array of STD_LOGIC - An UNSIGNED type is the equivalent to a STD_LOGIC_VECTOR type - the equality operators assume it is unsigned (as opposed to 2's comp SIGNED)
Pro's and Cons
- using integers allows a higher level of abstraction and more functionality can be included - easier to write unsynthesizable code or code that produces unwanted logic - both are synthesizable when written correctly
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 31
Counters
•
Ring Counters in VHDL
- to mimic the shift register behavior, we need access to the signal value before and after clock'event - consider the following concurrent signal assignments: architecture ….
begin Q0 <= Q3; Q1 <= Q0; Q2 <= Q1; Q3 <= Q2; end architecture… - since they are executed concurrently, it is equivalent to Q0=Q1=Q2=Q3, or a simple wire
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 32
Counters
•
Ring Counters in VHDL
- since a process doesn't assign the signal values until it suspends, we can use this to model the "before and after" behavior of a clock event.
process (Clock, Reset) begin if (Reset = '0') then Q0<='1'; Q1<='0'; Q2<='0'; elsif (Clock'event and Clock='1') then Q0<=Q3; Q1<=Q0; Q2<=Q1; end if; end process Q3<='0'; Q3<=Q2; - notice that the signals DO NOT appear in the sensitivity list. If they did the process would continually execute and not be synthesized as a flip-flop structure
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 33
Counters
•
Johnson Counters in VHDL
process (Clock, Reset) begin if (Reset = '0') then Q0<='0'; Q1<='0'; elsif (Clock'event and Clock='1') then Q0<=not Q3; Q1<=Q0; end if; end process Q2<='0'; Q2<=Q1; Q3<='0'; Q3<=Q2;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 34
Counters
•
Linear Feedback Shift Register Counters in VHDL
process (Clock, Reset) begin if (Reset = '0') then Q0<='0'; Q1<='0'; elsif (Clock'event and Clock='1') then Q0<=Q3 xor Q2; Q1<=Q0; end if; end process Q2<='0'; Q2<=Q1; Q3<='0'; Q3<=Q2;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 35
Counters
•
Multiple Processes
- we can now use State Machines to control the start/stop/load/reset of counters - each are independent processes that interact with each other through signals - a common task for a state machine is: 1) at a certain state, load and enable a counter 2) go to a state and wait until the counter reaches a certain value 3) when it reaches the certain value, disable the counter and continue to the next state - since the counter runs off of a clock, we know how long it will count between the
start
and
stop
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 36
State Machines
•
State Machines
- there is a basic structure for a Clocked, Synchronous State Machine 1) State Memory 2) Next State Logic “G” 3) Output Logic “F” (i.e., flip-flops) (combinational logic) (combinational logic) we’ll revisit F later… - if we keep this structure in mind while designing digital machines in VHDL, then it is a very straight forward task - Each of the parts of the State Machine are modeled with individual processes let’s start by reviewing the design of a state machine using a manual method
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 37
State Machines
•
State Machines
“Mealy Outputs” – outputs depend on the Current_State and the Inputs
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 38
State Machines
•
State Machines
“Moore Outputs” – outputs depend on the Current_State only
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 39
State Machines
•
State Machines
- the steps in a state machine design are: 1) Word Description of the Problem 2) State Diagram 3) State/Output Table 4) State Variable Assignment 5) Choose Flip-Flop type 6) Construct F 7) Construct G 8) Logic Diagram
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 40
State Machines
•
State Machine Example “Sequence Detector”
1) Design a machine by hand that takes in a serial bit stream and looks for the pattern “1011”.
When the pattern is found, a signal called “Found” is asserted 2) State Diagram
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 41
State Machines
•
State Machine Example “Sequence Detector”
3) State/Output Table Current_State In Next_State S0 S1 S2 S3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 S0 S1 S2 S0 S0 S3 S0 S0 Out (Found) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 42
State Machines
•
State Machine Example “Sequence Detector”
4) State Variable Assignment – let’s use binary Current_State Q1 Q0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 In 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Next_State Q1* Q0* 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5) Choose Flip-Flop Type - 99% of the time we use D-Flip-Flops Out Found 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 43
State Machines
•
State Machine Example “Sequence Detector”
Q1 Q0 6) Construct Next State Logic “F” In 00 0 0
0
Q1* = Q1’∙Q0∙In’ + Q1∙Q0’∙In 1 In 1
0
3 2 01
1
6 11
0
7
0 0
Q1 4 10
0
5
1
Q0* = Q0’∙In In In Q1 Q0 00 0 0
0
1 1
1
Q0 3 2 01
0 0
7 6 11
0
Q1 4 10
0
5
0 1
Q0
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 44
State Machines
•
State Machine Example “Sequence Detector”
7) Construct Output Logic “G” Found = Q1 ∙Q0∙In In In Q1 Q0 00 0 0
0
1 1
0
3 2 01
0 0
7 6 11
0
Q1 4 10
0
5
1 0
Q0 8) Logic Diagram - for large designs, this becomes impractical
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 45
State Machines in VHDL
•
State Memory
we use a process that updates the “Current_State” with the “Next_State” we describe DFF’s using (CLK’event and CLK=‘1’) - this will make the assignment on the rising edge of CLK STATE_MEMORY : process (CLK) begin if ( CLK’event and CLK='1') then Current_State <= Next_State; end if; end process; - at this point, we need to discuss State Names
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 46
State Machines in VHDL
• •
State Memory using “User-Enumerated Data Types"
- we always want to use descriptive names for our states - we can use a user-enumerated type for this type State_Type is (S0, S1, S2, S3); signal Current_State : State_Type; signal Next_State : State_Type; - this makes our simulations very readable.
State Memory using “Pre-Defined Data Types"
we haven’t encoded the variables though, we can either leave it to the synthesizer or manually do it subtype State_Type is BIT_VECTOR (1 downto 0); constant S0 : State_Type := “00”; constant S1 : State_Type := “01”; constant constant S2 : State_Type S3 : State_Type := “10”; := “11”; signal Current_State signal Next_State : State_Type; : State_Type;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 47
State Machines in VHDL
•
State Memory with “Synchronous RESET”
STATE_MEMORY : process (CLK) begin if ( CLK’event and CLK='1') then if (Reset = ‘1’) then Current_State <= S0; else Current_State <= Next_State; end if; end if; end process; - name of “reset” state to go to - this design will only observe RESET on the positive edge of clock (i.e., synchronous)
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 48
State Machines in VHDL
•
State Memory with “Asynchronous RESET”
STATE_MEMORY : process (CLK, Reset) begin if (Reset = ‘1’) then Current_State <= S0; elsif ( CLK’event and CLK='1') then Current_State <= Next_State; end if; end process; - name of “reset” state to go to - this design is sensitive to both RESET and the positive edge of clock (i.e., asynchronous)
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 49
State Machines in VHDL
•
Next State Logic “F”
we use another process to construct “F”
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 50
State Machines in VHDL
•
Next State Logic “F”
- the process will be combinational logic NEXT_STATE_LOGIC : process (In, Current_State) begin case (Current_State) is when S0 => if elsif when S1 => if elsif when S2 => if elsif when S3 => if elsif (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= S0; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= S1; end if; (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= S2; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= S0; end if; (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= S0; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= S3; end if; (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= S0; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= S0; end if; end case; end process;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 51
State Machines in VHDL
•
Output Logic “G”
we use another process to construct “G” - the expressions in the sensitivity list dictate Mealy/Moore type outputs for now, let’s use combinational logic for G (we’ll go sequential later)
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 52
State Machines in VHDL
•
Output Logic “G”
- Mealy type outputs OUTPUT_LOGIC : process (In, Current_State) begin case (Current_State) is when S0 => if elsif when S1 => if elsif when S2 => if elsif when S3 => if elsif (In=‘0’) then Found <= 0; (In=‘1’) then Found <= 0; end if; (In=‘0’) then Found <= 0; (In=‘1’) then Found <= 0; end if; (In=‘0’) then Found <= 0; (In=‘1’) then Found <= 0; end if; (In=‘0’) then Found <= 0; (In=‘1’) then Found <= 1; end if; end case; end process;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 53
State Machines in VHDL
•
Output Logic “G”
- Moore type outputs OUTPUT_LOGIC : process (Current_State) begin case (Current_State) is when S0 => Found <= 0; when S1 => Found <= 0; when S2 => Found <= 0; when S3 => Found <= 1; end case; end process; this is just an example, it doesn’t really work for this machine
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 54
State Machines in VHDL
•
Example
Let’s design a 2-bit Up/Down Gray Code Counter using User-Enumerated State Encoding - In=0, Count Up - In=1, Count Down - this will be a Moore Type Machine - no Reset
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 55
State Machines in VHDL
•
Example
let’s collect our thoughts using a State/Output Table Current_State CNT0 CNT1 CNT2 CNT3 In 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Next_State CNT1 CNT3 CNT2 CNT0 CNT3 CNT1 CNT0 CNT2 Out 00 01 11 10
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 56
State Machines in VHDL
•
Example
architecture CNT_arch of CNT is type State_Type is (CNT0, CNT1, CNT2, CNT3); signal Current_State, Next_State : State_Type; begin STATE_MEMORY : process (CLK) begin if ( CLK’event and CLK='1') then Current_State <= Next_State; end if; end process; NEXT_STATE_LOGIC : process (In, Current_State) begin case (Current_State) is when CNT0 => if elsif when CNT1 => if elsif when CNT2 => if elsif when CNT3 => if elsif end case; end process; OUTPUT_LOGIC : process (Current_State) begin case (Current_State) is when CNT0 => Out <= “00”; when CNT1 => Out <= “01”; when CNT2 => Out <= “11”; when CNT3 => Out <= “10”; end case; end process; end architecture; (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= CNT1; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= CNT3; end if; (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= CNT2; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= CNT0; end if; (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= CNT3; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= CNT1; end if; (In=‘0’) then Next_State <= CNT0; (In=‘1’) then Next_State <= CNT2; end if;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 57
State Machines in VHDL
•
Example
- in the lab, we may want to observe the states on the LEDs - in this case we want to explicitly encode the STATE variables architecture CNT_arch of CNT is subtype State_Type is BIT_VECTOR (1 dowto 0); constant CNT0 : State_Type := “00”; constant CNT1 : State_Type := “01”; constant CNT2 : State_Type constant CNT3 : State_Type := “10”; := “11”; signal Current_State, Next_State : State_Type;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 58
State Encoding
• •
State Variable Encoding
- we can decide how we encode our state variables - there are advantages/disadvantages to different techniques
Binary Encoding
- straight encoding of states S0 = “00” S1 = “01” S2 = “10” S3 = “11” - for n states, there are log(n)/log(2) flip-flops needed - this gives the Least # of Flip-Flops Good for “Area” constrained designs - Drawbacks: - multiple bits switch at the same time = Increased Noise & Power the Next State Logic “F” is multi-level = Increased Power and Reduced Speed
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 59
State Encoding
•
Gray-Code Encoding
- encoding using a gray code where only one bits switches at a time S0 = “00” S1 = “01” S2 = “11” S3 = “10” - for n states, there are log(n)/log(2) flip-flops needed - this gives low Power and Noise due to only one bit switching Good for “Power/Noise” constrained designs - Drawbacks: the Next State Logic “F” is multi-level = Increased Power and Reduced Speed
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 60
State Encoding
•
One-Hot Encoding
- encoding one flip-flop for each state S0 = “0001” S1 = “0010” S2 = “0100” S3 = “1000” - for n states, there are n flip-flops needed - the combination logic for F is one level (i.e., a Decoder) - Good for Speed Especially good for FPGA due to “Programmable Logic Block” - Drawbacks: - takes more area
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 61
State Encoding
•
State Encoding Trade-Offs
- We typically trade off Speed, Area, and Power One-Hot speed Binary area power Gray
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 62
Pipelined Outputs
•
Pipelined Outputs
- Having combinational logic drive outputs can lead to: - multiple delay paths through the logic - potential for glitches - Both reduce the speed at which the system clock can be ran A good design practice is to pipeline the outputs (i.e., use DFF’s as the output driver)
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 63
Pipelined Outputs
•
Pipelined Outputs
- This gives a smaller Data Uncertainty window on the output - The only consideration is that the output is not present until one clock cycle later
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 64
Pipelined Outputs
•
Pipelined Outputs
- we use a 4 th process for this stage of the State Machine PIPELINED_OUTPUTS : process (CLK) begin if ( CLK’event and CLK='1') then Out <= Next_Out; end if; end process;
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 65
Asynchronous Inputs
•
Asynchronous Inputs
- Real world inputs are not phase-locked to the clock - this means an input can change within the Setup/Hold window of the clock - this can send the Machine into an incorrect state we always want to “synchronize” inputs so that this doesn’t happen
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 66
Asynchronous Inputs
•
Asynchronous Inputs
- We use D-Flip-Flops to take in the input - with one D-Flip-Flop, the input can still occur within the Setup/Hold window - the output of the first DFF may be metastable for a moment of time (trecovery) - a second DFF is used to latch in the metastable input after it has had time to settle - the output of the second flip-flop is now stable and synchronized as long as: T clk > t recovery + t comb + t setup - where t comb is the delay of any combinational logic in the input path
Module 5: Sequential Logic Design with VHDL 67