Transcript financial orders following overseas divorce

DIVORCE AND FINANCIAL
RELIEF AFTER A FOREIGN
DECREE
Gina Allwood
7 BEDFORD ROW
FINANCIAL ORDERS FOLLOWING OVERSEAS
DIVORCE:
INTRODUCTION
Some married couples have ties to one or more countries.
Different countries have different divorce, financial relief and children laws.
As a result, what may apply in one country can be quite different in
another.
What happens if a divorce is granted overseas?
Does this mean that the English Courts are prevented from dealing with
matters once an order has been made abroad?
AFTER FOREIGN DIVORCE
•
In certain situations, Part III of the Matrimonial and Family
Proceedings Act 1984 (MFPA) allows the English courts to make
financial orders following a foreign divorce.
•
Two stage application process.
•
The first step is to establish whether the English Courts have the
jurisdiction (the ability) to hear the application.
STEP 1;4 CONDITIONS;1.
2.
3.
4.
Foreign decree must be entitled to recognition in England
Family Law Act 1986 and Brussels II (for EU Countries,
judgment is recognised without any special procedure Art 21)
Leave of Court required (Matrimonial and Family
Proceedings Act 1984: s.13.) This will involve showing
substantial grounds for Court to exercise its powers under
s.12 MFPA’84.
Parties must have a genuine connection - either or both
parties habitually resident in England for a minimum of 1
year before the application was made or decree of divorce; or
either/both had an interest in a dwelling house used as a FMH.
Forum Conveniens - should it be heard in England? Burden of
proof on A.
STEP 2 – FORUM CONVENIENS
Apply for Leave or the Courts permission
The Court must consider the following;1.
2.
3.
4.
The connection of the parties to England / other Countries
Financial benefits likely to be received under foreign law
Any right to apply for financial relief under foreign law
Availability of property in England in respect of which an
order could be made.
5. Extent to which the order is enforceable.
6. Length of time elapsed since foreign decree.
IF LEAVE IS GRANTED……
•
The court will consider the merits of the case, and
whether it needs to make any orders adjusting the
couples finances, including interim relief.
•
This legislation has recently been considered at
some length by the Supreme Court.
•
The Court of Appeal refused to make any provision
for a wife, following a divorce in Nigeria.
•
The Supreme Court overturned this decision,
because of the families strong connections to
England.
INTERIM RELIEF
•
MFPA s.14- Interim Maintenance
•
MFPA s.24 -Preventing transaction intended to
defeat possible application for AR (s.37 MCA
1973).
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance Orders:
English Courts also have jurisdiction to make an order for
financial Provision in cases where there has been a failure to
provide reasonable maintenance.

A foreign decree of divorce recognised in England does not
necessarily put an end to maintenance ordered by an English
Court.

A Court can make an order for Periodical Payments in a case
where one is domiciled and resident abroad and has not
assets in England.
WORLDWIDE FREEZING ORDERS
Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 +
Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (Interim
Relief)
•
Enables Courts to grant injunctions over property
wherever situated in relation to disputes over
maintenance, lump sums and property rights.
PITFALLS :-(
1.
The foreign Court will refuse to enforce the injunction
2.
The Order is ineffectual
3.
No undertakings as to damages
4.
Limited to disposition party about to make + GUILTY
INTENTION must be shown!
HOWEVER..

A Court will decline to exercise its powers where
any order

It might make would be wholly ineffective (case
law prior to Conventions)

“Once competent, always competent” (Australia)
PRACTICE

Which Court? High Court or County Court

MPFA’84

Service out of the jurisdiction

Consider Witnesses - A witness outside the Country cannot
be compelled to attend a Substantive hearing.

Consider ways of obtaining other evidence ie: Consul of
Requesting Country can be appointed as Special Examiner
to take evidence and invite witnesses to produce
documents.
RECENT CASE LAW


FRANCESCO TRAVERSA v CARLA FREDDI
[2011] EWCA Civ 81
AGBAJE v AGBAJE [2010] UKSC 13
“SUBSTANTIAL GROUNDS”
The threshold test for whether there was "substantial ground"
for applying for financial relief as required under the MFPA
1984 s.13(1) was as set out by the Supreme Court:Agbaje v Agbaje [2010] UKSC 13, [2010] 1 A.C. 628,
No gloss on that guidance was needed.
An application under s.13(1) should be made without notice as
provided by the Family Proceedings Rules 1991 3.17(1).
PURPOSE OF THE ACT
VSDVSDIn making its order the court was clear the purpose of the
Act was not to allow someone with “some” English connections to
take advantage of what may well be the more generous approach
in England to financial provision. The Act should only be applied
towards the alleviation of inadequate financial provision being
made by a foreign court, where the parties had substantial
connections with England. The fact that there might be a disparity
between an award of a foreign court and what would be awarded
in an English Court is not enough to allow an application using Part
III.
SUMMARY
•
ANCILLARY RELIEF
•
DIVORCE : FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS
•
APPLICATIONS WITHOUT NOTICE
•
PERMISSION
•
PROPERTY ADJUSTMENT ORDERS : SETTING ASIDE :
•
THRESHOLD TEST UNDER S.13(1) MFPA 1984 :
REFORMS
Matrimonial Causes Act 1925 S.25(A)
v
Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 s.17
FINANCIAL RELIEF … OR….CLEAN BREAK??
A Slow Death…
…Stranded Spouses
Conclusion
Gina Allwood
7 BEDFORD ROW