Transcript Cop Presentation in the Gcp 2011 GRM

Cassava Breeding Community of Practice
in Africa for Accelerated Production and
Dissemination of Farmer-Preferred Cassava
Varieties Resistant to Pests and Diseases
ARI
Cassava
• Cassava is a strategic food
security crop
• Important staple for
millions in Africa
• Grown mainly by the poor
resource famers
• Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania
and Uganda are key
producers in Africa
Bottlenecks of Cassava Breeding
Low seed set
Long breeding cycle
High genetic load
Heterozygosity
Confounding effects of
dominance on selection
of progenitors
 Limited financial
resources





Rationale
 There is an urgent need for improved varieties to stop the rapid
spread of pest and diseases, especially the cassava brown streak
disease (CBSD) and the cassava mosaic disease (CMD).
 National Agricultural Research Systems (NARs) are best suited to
breed cassava for local needs
 NARs in the past limited their activities mainly to testing and
selection of improved germplasm, but more recently NARs breeders
have began formal cassava breeding.
Capacity components required for plant breeding programs
Component
Tangible capital
Component make-up or sub-component
Physical facilities
Funding for capitol and ongoing operations
Plant genetic resources
Supporting technology,
Scientific information and know-how
Human capital
Breeders, assistant breeders, technical assistants, etc.
-their education, training, knowledge, skills, motivation
Scientists from supporting disciplines
Program budget, administration and personnel managers
Organizational capital Government and stakeholder mandate
Coordination of plant breeding and seed sector activities
Enabling policy, laws and regulations
Policy making procedures
Funding arrangements and management procedures
Links to internal and external organizations
Public and private seed delivery systems
Social capital
Political, governmental and economic support
Extended education and outreach
Bi-directional communication between provider and
customers
Fred Bliss 2010
The CoP
Ghana
Nigeria
Tanzania
Uganda
CIAT
IITA
More countries to be included in 2011
• A group of people who share a concern or passion
for something they do and how to do it better as
they interact regularly.
• They have a commitment to a common interest and
engage in joint activities They therefore interact
and learn together and in the process build a strong
relationship.
• It is a specialized compact network. It is intended
as interactive forums for collaboration among
scientists from different countries.
Cassava Mosiac disease
Cassava Brown Streak Disease
Equatorial
Guinea
Uganda
Kenya
ROC
DRC
Tanzania
Malawi
Zambia
Mozambique
Leaves: chlorosis
– bottom leaves
Stems: brown streaks
CBSD devastating
CBSD damaging
CBSD reported
Roots: dry necrotic rot –
most damaging
Objectives
Stimulate breeder-to-breeder training germplasm
resource exchange, and web-based information
to achieve breeding goals
Facilitate the integration of MAS with field-based
breeding
Strengthen the capacity of National program
breeders through training programs
Build linkages with primary, secondary, and
tertiary users
Segment Break Frac >= 50.0 %
Log-Likelihood : -515.93
Iterations : 3
Longest Seg cM : 27.895
Loop Tolerance : 0.010
Inner Tolerance: 0.010
Priority Initiatives
• Access to improved
germplasm and
development
• MAS for CMD resistance
• Improvement for
combined resistance to
CMD and CBSD
• Gene discovery for
CBSD and CMD
Rec
Frac.
Dist
cM
Marker
Id
Name
(5)
RME-2
(4)
(1)
RME-1
CMD2
(2)
NS158
(3)
SSRY28
(10.2 %) 10.4
( 4.5 %)
4.5
( 7.1 %)
7.1
( 5.9 %)
5.9
Screening for CMD2 in African elite lines
Markers TMS97/2205
TMS30555
NR8212
NR8083
TMS98/0505
RME-1
-
-
-
+
+
RME-4
+
-
-
+
+
NS158
+
-
-
+
+
NS169
+
-
-
+
+
1
2
3
4
5
TMS97/2205
NR8212
NR8083
TMS98/0505
TMS30555
Marker-aided germplasm transfer
from CIAT to Africa
• Over 300 CIAT MAS
developed genotypes
introduced to Africa
• Back cross populations of
PPD delivered to African
NARs (with MAS for
CMD)
• Backcross populations of
beta carotene and
protein to NARs (with
MAS for CMD)
• F1 populations of
drought tolerant
materials (as in vitro and
seeds)
Germplasm Introduction
Shipment
Genotypes
Families
Total
individuals
Field)
Drought
mapping
populations
Drought
332
4
1628
70
84
12
420
116
Protein
34
5
350
239
Delayed PPD
483
17
2334
Novel traits introgressed from wild relatives
Based on ABC involving MAS for CMD resistance
BSA scheme for gene discovery for CMD
Family
COB6
Markers
NS198
Mean (CMD scores)
Band
presence
Band
absence
1.591
2.611
T-test (P
level)
0.015**
TMS 97/2205 with good
CMD resistance across
agro-ecologies
TMS97/2205 x NR 8083
Response profile of CMD2 genotypes
2.5
4.5
4
CMD severity Score (1-5)
CMD severity Score (1-5)
3.5
3
2.5
CR52 A- 4 1
2
AR1- 8 2
1.5
CR3 6 - 5
1
A R 14 - 10
2
CR14 A- 1
CR3 6 - 2
C R 10 0 - 2 15
A R 15- 5
1.5
AR9-5
C R 10 0 - 15
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
YEAR 1
1 MAP
3 MAP
6 MAP
Months After Planting
9 MAP
YEAR 2
YEAR 3
12 MAP
Years
YEAR 4
MAS Scheme to Improve Cassava
Germplasm
Local varieties
(selected by farmers)
Improved
introductions
Crossing block
Polycross design
Seedling trial
Combining
ability studies
(MAS)
Field trials
Farmer participatory trial
CBSD x CMD crosses (Tanzania)
Pre-selected CBSD and CMD resistant lines in
Tanzania
QTL mapping
• A total of 10 putative QTL were identified for
protein.
• QTL found accounted for PVD ranges between
15% and 25% for protein content.
• All the QTL showed additive gene action with
values ranging between 3.21 and 6.20 (Fig.
15).
Diversity
Esuma, 2011
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Br
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Br 005008 GM M02 19
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Analysis based on 48 SNPs
Development of populations
• Crosses
– F1 populations of elite
genotypes
– Introgression of introduced
germplasm into local adapted
varieties and landraces
– Selfed populations –
inbreeding (partial inbred
lines).
TMS 01/1368
MAS-based activities for CMD resistance
breeding
Homozogygosity at CMD
Loci
Code
GC015
GC0122
Parents
Female
Male
Parents (crosses)
98/0505
CR52A-25
CR52A-25 x TMS 98/0002
AR 9-36
CR 51-4
CR52A-25 x 98/0002
CR37-108 x 97/2205
GC0142
GC0149
GC0151
CR 41-45
AR 9-39
CR 51-4
AR 9-63
CR 51 -9
AR 9-3
CR12-45 x 97/2205
AR15-5 x 97 x 2205
GC0152
GC0166
Pyramiding of CMD2 and CMD3 genes
CR 54-9
97/2205 x 52A-25
CW 451
AR 9-63
TMS
98/0505
CR37-108 x TMS 97/2205
CR12-45 x TMS 97/2205
AR15-5 x TMS 97 2205
97/2205 x CR52A-25
Breeder to breeder visit
Elizabeth Parkes
in Nigeria; taking
notes on field
layout/design for
crossing blocks
Tanzanian Breeder, Bernadetha
Kimata discussing CBSD symptom
expression in the field at NaCRRI,
Namulonge, Uganda.
Ugandan Breeder, Anthony
Pariyo in Office at A.R.I,
Naliendeli, Mtwara discussing
the breeding schemes with the
Tanzanian team
Product delivery
 Markers for CMD2 available in
NARS
 Advanced populations
development
 Capacity building in MAB
(workshop/training)
 Sharing of GCP project developed
elite materials with stake holders
(e.g. Songhai center, Benin
Republic)
 Channels
 Farmer participatory breeding
 Linked projects
 Multi-locational testing with
partner institutes
 Networks
Ghana
Tanzania
Variety release:MAS develop Latin American
genotype
Web based data base for CoP
http://www.cassavacop.org/cbcopa/
Molecular breeding community of practice to validate, refine, and
apply new technologies in African NARs
Workshops and Training
Third workshop in Ghana 2010
Participants at the third CoP workshop 2010 in Ghana.
Linking with New Genotyping
Platforms and Marker system
: Demonstration of the
Illumina BeadXpress at the
SNP workshop
MAS Labs in NARS
Ghana -
Uganda
Nigeria
New generation of cassava
breeders
Country - Uganda
Name -
Degree Status
Nigeria
Ghana
Mr. Esuma Dr. Olasanmi Mr. Peprah
M.Sc.
On-going
Ph.D.
Completed
Ghana
Ghana
Ms. Prempeh Mr. Danquah
M. Phil
Ph.D.
On-going
On-going
Tanzania
Ms. Kimata
Ph.D.
M.Sc.
On-going
Ongoing
Cassava CI Project 5: Cassava
Breeding Community of Practice
(CoP)
Partial Inbred line development
Genotyping of S1 populations- 2011
– Five populations
– Selection for reduced heterozygousity
Development of new selfed populations - 2011
– S2 populations
– S3 populations (two populations)
Gene pool development
Inbred line development (six families)
80
120
100
No of Genotypes
80
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
0.0
Root Weight(kg)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Harvest Index
40
120
100
No of Genotypes
30
No of Genotypes
No of Genotypes
60
20
80
60
40
10
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Plant Height(cm)
300
350
400
1
2
3
Vigour
4
5
20
No of Genotypes
15
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
Protein (%)
10
12
14
16
45
40
35
30
15
10
Local check
50
CW525-1
sp plot
AR9-5
TMS91/02324
CW450-75
CW451-80
TMS98/0581
CR14B-180
NR87/184
TME419
TMS30572
TMS95/0289
CR14B-218
CR20A-2
CW450-106
TMS92/0067
AR14-4
AR9-45
CW451-13
TMS98/0510
CW450-46
CW450-36
CR15B-9
CR52A-1
AR9-19
CR100-15
CR15B-7
CW482-16
CW482-3
TMS97/0057
Dakata
• selection index for 2009 – 2011 for Latin America germplasm
FRY(ton/ha)
25
20
Potentials
5
0
Conclusion
 Research capability of NARs strengthened research capability in modern
breeding incorporating markers in cassava improvement
 CMD resistant variety released in Nigeria
 Genotypes combining CBSD and CMD resistance developed in Tanzania
 Web-database created
 Genetic stock fixed for CMD2 and CGM alleles developed
 Genetic diversity of breeding lines analyzed
 Genetic mapping for early bulking and high protein conducted
 Breeding populations for key traits developed
 Introgression of novel traits into CMD resistance genetic background
achieved.
 Training of new generation of breeders accomplished
 Introduction of valuable germplasm into Africa
Acknowledgement



















Y. Baguma
A. Pariyo
B. Kimata
C. Sichalwe
C. Egesi
E. Parkes
B. Peprah
G. Mkamilo
J. Onyeka
M. Fregene
S. Rounsley
E. Lotsu
M.D. Quain
P. Rabinowicz
Z. Myburg
P. Kulakow
H. Murtah
X. Delannay
Ndeye Ndack Diop


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











K. Ogundapo
F. Ewa
B. Olasanmi
E. Okogbenin
H. Gomez
C. de Vicente
M. Gedil
A. Dixon
H. Kulembeka
A. Mbanaso
R. Thompson
P. Boateng
O. Akinbo
M. Reynolds
A. Okono
N.C. Ezebuiro
Larry Butler
Thank You for Your Attention