Transcript Utilisation of Chlorella KR-1 produced from CO2 fixation

Overview of
Bioenergy RD&D in Korea
2005. 11. 3.
Jin-Suk Lee
Biomass Center, KIER
PRESENTATION AGENDA
• Introduction
• Commercialized Bioenergy
• R&D on Bioenergy
• Future R&D Activities on Bioenergy
• Summary
Biomass Resources in
Biomass Resources in Korea
Korea
Resources
Potential
(x 103 toe/year)
Recoverable
(x 103 toe/년)
Forest residues
5,100
850
Agricultural residues
4,000
1,050
Food waste
170
51
Municipal waste
(Waste paper, woods)
1,080
320
Animal wastes
900
30
Sludge
30
15
Total
11,280
2,316
Current
Aspects
for
Current
Aspects
for Bio-energy
Bioenergy
in Korea
R&DR&D
in Korea
Current status for bioenergy utilization in Korea
- 3.6% (84,000TOE) of recoverable biomass resources have been
utilized as energy in 2001
- Action plan have been set up to increase the bioenergy utilization
to 15% by 2010
Current aspects of Bioenergy R&D
- Following priorities were applied for Bioenergy R&D
1. Organic wastes such as food wastes, sludge, MSWs etc
2. Unutilized resources (Forest residues, agricultural residues etc)
3. Foreign biomass
- Two bioenergy technologies have been commercialized
- Other technologies are still under developement
Activities
forfor
Commercialization
2. Activities
Commercialization
2-1. Two-phase Anaerobic digestion
•
Korean food waste takes about 30% of total organic wastes
(6.6million ton/year). The water content of food waste is about
90%. Because of the characteristics, it is difficult to treat the
waste by conventional technologies like land filling or
incineration.
•
KIER developed a two-phase anaerobic digestion process in
which acidic fermentation and methane formation were done in
separate reactors. The technology was found to be quite
effective for the treatment of Korean food waste.
•
After a series of test runs, the technology was commercialized.
Two full scale commercial plants have been constructed to treat
food waste and produce methane. The research for the
electricity generation using methane will be started soon.
Food waste Composting
Food Waste Composting Process Flow Diagram
Process Flow Diagram
(2) Paju
CityPlant
Plant (Capacity:
30 ton/day)
Paju
City
(30 tons/day)
Summary of Paju Plant Operation
(3) Summary of Paju Plant Operation
Feed, ton/day
30
Dry solid content, %
22
Biogas, m3/day
Methane content, %
Compost, ton/day
Expected Electricity , kWh
Solid reduction, %
2,140
70
910
4,500
87
Methane (LFG)
• 270 land-fill sites are now in Korea
• Total power generation capacity is 83.2 MW
• The commercial process for the separation of methane from
LFG has been developed
• The purified gas is used as heating fuel and will be tried as
motor fuel
Energy Consumption in Korea
Energy Consumption in Korea
For Transportation sector (1.4 x 107 vehicles) :
• Gasoline
3.0 x 107 ton/year
• Diesel (5.0 x 106 vehicles)
2.8 x 107 ton/year
All crude oils are imported !
Why Biodiesel in Korea?
•
Severe Air pollution over Seoul Metropolitan area.
The major portion (over 50%) of air pollutants are from diesel fuelled
vehicles.
•
Concerns over global warming
Korea needs to follow Kyoto protocol from 2013
•
Ministry of Environment failed to introduce LNG fuelled buses to
replace diesel fuelled bus fleet because of the opposition from the
residents nearby the planned gas stations
Biodiesel is emerging as a promising solution to above problems
Chronicles for Biodiesel
2002 Feb. Ministry of Environment (MOE) conducted emission tests on pure
biodiesel and biodiesel blending fuels
2002 May MOE asked to Ministry of energy (MOCIE) to take biodiesel as a
renewable fuel (Tax exemption)
2002 May MOCIE decided to start demonstration supply of B-20 at the
designated areas (Seoul Metropolitan, Chonbuk Province)
2002 Dec. Full-scale commercial plant was constructed (100,000ton/year)
2003 Sep. Preparation new Korean biodiesel standards started
2004 May MOCIE extended the demonstration supply to 2005 May
2005 May Korean auto makers agreed to give warranty for the cars which
use B-5
2006 Jan
B-5 will be available nationwide to the public
Biodiesel Plant in Korea
1. Feedstock:
Crude plant Oil
2. Capacity :
100,000ton/yr
3. Process :
- 1 step reaction
4. Yield : Over 99%
Map of South Korea
Site for
Demonstration Supply
Prices and Fuel tax in Korea
• In 2004 Diesel price is only 70% of gasoline
• Price of Diesel will be increased to 85% by 2006
• Fuel tax is very high in Korea
- Gasoline : 71% of total price is Tax
- Diesel : 50% “ “
“ “ Tax
Diesel and Biodiesel Prices
Diesel
Biodiesel
2004
2005
2006
2004
Diesel untaxed*, $/L
0.31
0.31
0.31
-
Total Tax, $/L
0.34
0.41
0.51
-
Diesel fully taxed, $/L
0.65
0.72
0.82
-
Biodiesel, min, $/L
0.60
Biodiesel, max, $/L
0.65
* : based on $ 30/bbl crude oil
Bio-Diesel Plant
(100,000
Demonstration
Supply
of ton/yr)
Biodiesel
Challenging problems
- As prospect for the biodiesel business looks bright, many
people likes to go into the market.
- Only biodiesel of good quality are permitted on sale
• Preparation of Biodiesel standards
• Extensive test works on real road conditions
• Establishment of quality systems program
• Secure supply of feedstock (Plant oils)
Korean Biodiesel Standards
• Two biodiesel plants are under operation
(100,000ton/year and 7,500ton/year)
• For demonstration supply, the temporary standard was
prepared but automakers and oil companies refused to
accept it
• All stake holders in the fuel market gathered to prepare
Korean biodiesel fuel standard at September 2003
• The draft was prepared at September 2004
• Basically the standards was close to EN14214
Korean Biodiesel Standards
ITEM
EN14214
Korean Standard
(2004. 10)
Kinematic
viscosity
3.5 - 5.0
1.9 - 5.5
CFPP
Regional specific
No spec for B-100
Acid Number
0.5
0.5 or 0.8
Iodine Number
≤ 120
No spec.
Fleet Tests under Real Conditions
• Fleet tests have been started to test the validity of new
Korean biodiesel standards in September of 2004
• Major Korean car, oil companies and biodiesel producers
have participated into the project
• The fleet test will last two years (by August of 2006)
• After the fleet tests, biodiesel dissemination will be
expected to be activated
Quality Systems Program
• Currently biodiesel is directly transported to the filling
stations and blended on site (B-20)
• Quality assurance should be a major issue
• Further works will be done to make sure that only high
quality biodiesel go into the market
• The Certification center will be established to evaluate
the quality of biodiesel products in the market
Raw Materials Supply
• Currently all feedstocks (Soybean oil) are imported from
USA
• Various works are under investigation to enhance the
security of feedstock
( - Utilization of set-aside land to cultivate rapeseed
- Utilization of used frying oil
- Test the new feedstock )
Biodiesel
from
UFO
(1) Scope of Production
the work for biodiesel
from UFO
 Introduction
• The feedstock cost takes about 70% out of total production
cost of biodiesel. Used frying oil (UFO) may be a good
candidate to lower the production cost of biodiesel.
• In Korea, about 100,000 tons of used frying oil (UFO) can be
recovered.
• Some impurities like free fatty acids should be removed before
the transesterification process.
 Objective
• Development of the bench process for the bioidiesel production
from UFO
Bench Plant for Bio-diesel
from Used Frying Oil
Pretreatment
(filter, demoisturizing,
Pre-esterification)
Transesterification
(Plug Flow Reactor)
Purification
(Recovery of methanol)
Action Plan for Bio-diesel
X 103 toe
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Biogas
42
47
52
58
63
LFG
106
212
291
344
397
Biodiesel
147
184
368
460
552
Total
295
443
711
862
1,012
R&D on Lignocellulosic Biomass
• Bioethanol
• District Heating
PDUPlant
for Bio-ethanol
PDU
for Bioethanol
Production
capacity
20L Fuel Alcohol/ day
(From 100kg wood)
Pretreatment
2 stage (Acid Percolation/
Steam explosion)
Hydrolysis
Enzymatic, 1000L
Fermentation
S. Cerevisiae
Batch Reactor (300L, x2)
Purification
Distillation
New Feedstock
for
Bio-ethanol
Waste Woods
Component
Virgin wood Waste
(Oak)
Oak
Cellulose (%)
43.3
43.7
Hemicellulose (%)
24.6
25.5
Lignin (%)
19.2
17.5
Ash (%)
3.4
2.8
Ammonia
Percolation
Ammonia Percolation
NH4O
H
Percolation
reactor
Water
Lignin
back pressure
Schematic Diagram of Ammonia Percolation
Photo of Experimental Apparatus
Fuels for District Heating
• The amount of forest residues is significant
• Collection and transportation are critical issues
• Feasibility for utilization of forest residues as
district heating fuels will be investigated.
Future
Research
Activities
4.
Future Research
Activities
1. Outline of Korean NTRM
•
National Technology Road Map for Bioenergy has been made
2002 December.
•
The R&D projects have been divided into two categories;
short term projects and long term projects
•
The thermochemical conversion process and anaerobic
digestion have been chosen as short term projects which can
be commercialized by 2006
•
All other biological conversion processes including ethanol
production from lignocellulosic biomass and bio-hydrogen
were put into long term projects that will take 10 years or
longer to commercialize.
4-2. KOREAN
NTRM for
Korean
NTRM
forBio-energy
Bioenergy
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Management of Organic Waste
Feed
Stock
Supply
2010
2011
2012
Waste
Energy Crops
Feedstock Production (Outsourcing)
Biodiesel
Standardization
Anaerobic
Digestion
Conversion
2009
Plant Science (Outsourcing)
Biomass Pretreatment
자원확보
2008
Biomass
Gasification
Sugars
New Biodiesel
Production Technology
Cogeneration
Technology
Biodiesel
Commercialization Study
Core Technologies for Bioethanol
Bioethanol
Micro-organism Genomics
Summary
1. R&DD activities on bioenergy is getting activated in Korea
because of high oil price and concerns over Kyoto protocol.
2. Anaerobic digestion and biodiesel are commercialized
because of their own advantages such as the environmental
friendliness and necessity for waste treatment
3. Stable supply of the feedstocks are a major concern for
bioenergy implementation.
Extensive work are underway to secure the stable supply of
feedstocks
4. Some feasibility study and basic research works are being
carried out to utilize the lignocellulosic biomass