Transcript Slide 1

The main result of 2002 National R&D Survey
in Cambodia
I. Objectives and Methodology
1.Background
The 2002 National R&D Survey was the first of its kind conducted
by Institute of Science and Technology of the Royal Academy of
Cambodia. The target groups were the researchers of the
Government Agencies, Business Enterprises, and Higher Education
as well as of the Non Governmental Organization.
Since contract signing in September 2003 the Project leader (the
national Expert) has set up a project office, collect secondary data
from inside the country and from abroad, and ask another teams (e.g.
Malaysia, Vietnam) to get experience in order to design
questionnaire.
1
Several discussions have been made among the staffs of the
Institute of Science and Technology and others invited from other
departments of the Royal Academy of Cambodia to improve the
quality of the questionnaire.
2.Objectives of the Survey
The main objectives of the survey were:
• To provide and overview of the status of R&D in Cambodia.
• To identified and highlight strengths and priorities of R&D in
Cambodia.
• To recommended strategies and action plans that need to be taken
to enhance R&D in Cambodia.
2
3.Survey Team
In Cambodia, it is not possible to conduct a survey with other method
than face-to-face interview. Therefore for the four sectors, 4 field
teams (each 3 people) were formed, each team responsible for data
collection of a sector (Government Institutions, Higher Education,
Business Enterprise or Non Governmental Organizations). A secretary
and a technical assistant were also appointed to insure the workflow.
4.Survey Questionnaire
After studying material provided from project experts, a
questionnaire was draft, translated into Khmer language and two
times tested before the monitoring visit of the Malaysian Experts in
February 2004. A final questionnaire with 27 questions were revised
and used to collect data from all sectors after comment of the
experts.
3
5.Survey Administration
From the secondary document we have
collected all names and addresses of the
possible institutions that could conduct R&D.
Face-to-face interview was conducted to collect
the data. Field team leaders, sometimes the
surveyors themselves contacted first with the
target institution in order to make appointment
for interview. All surveyors were trained and
instructed by an experience researcher.
4
Summary of Main
Results
Research and Development(R&D)
Government Sector
Projects
15
Higher Education Sector
18
Business Enterprise Sector
23
Private Non Profit Sector
54
Total
110
5
Organizations with R&D Surveyed
Government Sector
Higher Education Sector
Business Enterprise Sector
Private Non Profit Sector
Total
Companies
14
11
21
48
94
Expenditure
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
8,357.01Mil.CR
The GERD/GDP Ratio
0.05%
Current Expenditure
6,840.87 Mil.CR
Labor Cost
3,516.74 Mil.CR
Operating Cost
3,324.13 Mil.CR
Capital Expenditure
1,516.16 Mil.CR
6
Three Main Fields of Research (FOR)
i. F20100- Social Science
4,097.84 Mil.CR
ii. F11000- Med. & Health Science 1,832.33 Mil.CR
iii. F11100- Engineering Science
519.03 Mil.CR
Three Main Socio-Economic Objectives (SEO)
i. S30300- Social Dev. and Com. Ser.
1,768.72 Mil.CR
ii. S30100- Health
1,325.23 Mil.CR
iii. S30200-Education and Training1,287.69 Mil.CR
7
Manpower
Total R&D Research Personnel
Total Number of Researchers
Total FTE Research Personnel
Total FTE Researchers
1,625
744
494.28
223
FTE per Research Personnel
30.42%
FTE per Researcher
29.97%
Degree Holders (PhDs, Masters, Bachelors)
744
Number of Researchers per 10,000 Labor Force
1.2
R&D Cost per Research Personnel
5.14 Mil.CR
8
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D
COUNTRY: CAMBODIA
GDP (1,000USD)*
3,992,000.00
GERD (mil.CR)
8,357.01
GERD (1,000USD)*
2,129.37
GERD / GDP (%)
0.05%
Total R&D personnel
1,625
Female R&D personnel
* Average Exchange Rate in 2002 (1US$=3,924.65CR)
350
9
Table M.1: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D(GERD) BY
SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE AND SOURCE OF FUND
1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR (BERD)
BERD, source of fund
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
451.53
115.05
44.72%
Direct Government
0.00
0.00
0.00%
Higher education
0.00
0.00
0.00%
Private non-profit
113.60
28.95
11.25%
Funds from abroad
443.91
113.11
43.97%
0.56
0.14
0.06%
1009.60
257.25
100.00%
Business enterprises
Other
Total BERD
10
2. GOVERNMENT SECTOR (GOVERD)
GOVERD, source of funds
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
0.00
0.00
0.00%
941.5632
239.91
44.48%
Higher education
0.00
0.00
0.00%
Private non-profit
323.02
82.31
15.26%
Funds from abroad
852.08
217.11
40.26%
0.00
0.00
0.00%
2116.66
539.33
100.00%
Business enterprises
Direct Government
Other
Total GOVERD
11
3. HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR (HERD)
HERD, source of funds
1,000,000 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
0.00
0.00
0.00%
Direct Government
373.00
95.04
37.83%
Higher education
95.22
24.26
9.66%
Private non-profit
329.00
83.83
33.37%
Funds from abroad
188.70
48.08
19.14%
0.00
0.00
0.00%
985.92
251.21
100.00%
Business enterprises
Other
Total HERD
12
4. PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR. (NON-GOVERD)
PNP, source of funds
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
0.00
0.00
0.00%
220.00
56.06
5.18%
Higher education
0.00
0.00
0.00%
Private non-profit
3111.84
792.90
73.31%
Funds from abroad
892.44
227.39
21.02%
Other
20.55
5.24
0.48%
4244.83
1081.58
100.00%
Business enterprises
Direct Government
Total PNP
13
5. NATIONAL TOTAL (GERD)
GERD, source of funds
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000 USD
%
451.53
115.05
5.40%
1,534.56
391.01
18.36%
Higher education
95.22
24.26
1.14%
Private non-profit
3,877.46
987.98
46.40%
Funds from abroad
2,377.13
605.69
28.44%
21.11
5.38
0.25%
8,357.01
2,129.37
100.00%
Business enterprises
Direct Government
Other
Total GERD
14
Table M.2: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D(GERD) BY
SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE AND TYPE OF RESEARCH
1. BUSINESS ENTERPRICE SECTOR
BERD by type of research
1,000,000.00R
1000 USD
%
Basic research
27.30
6.96
2.70%
Applied research
856.71
218.29
84.86%
Experimental development
125.60
32.00
12.44%
1009.60
257.25
100.00%
Total BERD
15
2. GOVERNMENT SECTOR
GOVERD by type of research
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
Basic research
668.25
170.27
31.57%
Applied research
1440.07
366.93
68.03%
8.35
2.13
0.39%
2116.66
539.33
100.00%
Experimental development
Total GOVERD
3. HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR
HERD by type of research
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
Basic research
388.70
99.04
39.43%
Applied research
197.22
50.25
20.00%
Experimental development
400.00
101.92
40.57%
985.92
251.21
100.00%
Total HERD
16
4 PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR
NON-GOVERD by type of research
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
Basic research
1484.72
378.31
34.98%
Applied research
2661.57
678.17
62.70%
98.54
25.11
2.32%
4244.83
1081.58
100.00%
1,000,000.00 CR
1,000.00 USD
%
Basic research
2568.96
654.57
30.74%
Applied research
5155.56
1313.64
61.69%
Experimental development
632.49
161.16
7.57%
8357.01
2129.37
100.00%
Experimental development
Total NON-GOVERD
5. NATIONAL TOTAL (GERD)
GERD by type of research
Total GERD
17
Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE)
113
35.01
40.36%
RSE with Doctor degree
1
0.30
0.36%
RSE with master degree
11
3.53
3.93%
RSE with bachelor degree
101
31.18
36.07%
Technicians
65
19.05
23.21%
Other supporting staff
102
30.60
36.43%
280
84.66
100.00%
Total R&D personnel
18
Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
2.GOVERNMENT SECTOR
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scientists/Engineers
(RSE)
394
113.00
47.36%
RSE with Doctor degree
18
5.40
2.16%
RSE with master degree
53
15.90
6.37%
RSE with bachelor degree
323
91.70
38.82%
Technicians
291
91.70
34.98%
Other supporting staff
147
44.20
17.67%
832
248.90
100.00%
Total R&D personnel
19
Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
3.HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scientists/Engineers
(RSE)
88
27.76
56.05%
RSE with Doctor degree
20
7.00
12.74%
RSE with master degree
30
9.27
19.11%
RSE with bachelor degree
38
11.49
24.20%
Technicians
51
16.69
32.48%
Other supporting staff
18
5.81
11.46%
157
50.26
100.00%
Total R&D personnel
20
Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
4.PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scientists/Engineers
(RSE)
149
47
41.85%
RSE with Doctor degree
14
4
3.93%
RSE with master degree
40
14
11.24%
RSE with bachelor degree
95
29
26.69%
Technicians
134
42
37.64%
Other supporting staff
73
21
20.51%
356
110
100.00%
Total R&D personnel
21
Table M.3: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY SECTOR OF PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
5. NATIONAL TOTAL
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scientists/Engineers
(RSE)
744
223
45.78%
RSE with Doctor degree
53
17.1
3.26%
RSE with master degree
134
42.53
8.25%
RSE with bachelor degree
557
163.32
34.28%
Technicians
541
169.57
33.29%
Other supporting staff
340
101.76
20.92%
1,625
494.28
100.00%
Total R&D personnel
22
Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF
PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scient./Engin.(RSE) –
females
15
4.40
27.78%
RSE females with Doctor degree
0
0.00
0.00%
RSE female with Master degree
0
0.00
0.00%
RSE females with Bachelor degree
15
4.40
27.78%
Technicians females
9
2.55
16.67%
Supporting staff females
30
11.75
55.56%
54
18.7
100.00%
Total R&D personnel females
23
Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF
PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
2. GOVERNMENT SECTOR
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scient./Engin.(RSE) –
females
86
28.00
44.33%
RSE females with Doctor degree
0
0.00
0.00%
RSE female with Master degree
3
0.90
1.55%
RSE females with Bachelor degree
83
27.10
42.78%
Technicians females
58
17.40
29.90%
Supporting staff females
50
15.00
25.77%
194
60.40
100.00%
Total R&D personnel females
24
Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF
PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
3. HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR
OCCUPATION - Females
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scient./Engin.(RSE) –
females
16
5.43
55.17%
RSE females with Doctor degree
6
2.40
20.69%
RSE female with Master degree
2
0.63
6.90%
RSE females with Bachelor degree
8
2.40
27.59%
Technicians females
9
2.96
31.03%
Supporting staff females
4
1.20
13.79%
29
9.59
100.00%
Total R&D personnel females
25
Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF
PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
4. PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE) –
females
37
12.56
50.68%
RSE females with Doctor degree
5
1.56
6.85%
RSE female with Master degree
6
2.45
8.22%
RSE females with Bachelor degree
26
8.55
35.62%
Technicians females
15
4.35
20.55%
Supporting staff females
21
6.10
28.77%
73
23.01
100.00%
Total R&D personnel females
26
Table M.4: TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL FEMALES BY SECTOR OF
PERFORMENCE
UNIT: HEADCOUNT
5. NATIONAL TOTAL
OCCUPATION
HEADCOUNT
FTE
%
Researchers/Scientists/Engineers (RSE) –
females
154
50.39
44.00%
RSE females with Doctor degree
11
3.96
3.14%
RSE female with Master degree
11
3.98
3.14%
RSE females with Bachelor degree
132
42.45
37.71%
Technicians females
91
27.26
26.00%
Supporting staff females
105
34.05
30.00%
350
111.70
100.00%
Total R&D personnel females
27
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition
Minimum Requirement
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD):
1.
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D -- GERD (million current PPP$)
NA
NA
NA
11.16
NA
1.a.
GERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or
EUR)
NA
NA
NA
8,357.01
NA
2.
GERD as a percentage of GDP
NA
NA
NA
0.05
NA
3.
GERD -- (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices)
1.979
1.999
2.08
2.13
2.119
3.a.
GERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)
4.0
1.0
4.1
2.38
-0.5
4.
GERD per capita population (current PPP $)
NA
NA
NA
0.84
NA
5.
Estimated Civil GERD as a percentage of GDP
NA
NA
NA
0.05
NA
6.
Basic research expenditure as a percentage of GDP
NA
NA
NA
0.016
NA
28
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>
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2000
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2002
2003
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R&D Personnel (FTE):
223.00
7.
Total researchers (FTE)
7.a.
Total researchers -- Compound annual growth rate
8.
Total researchers per thousand total employment
8.a.
Total researchers per thousand labor force
0.11987
9.
Total R&D personnel (FTE)
494.28
9.a.
Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate
10.
Total R&D personnel per thousand total employment
0.2631
10.a.
Total R&D personnel per thousand labor force
0.2618
NA
0.12
NA
29
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>
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GERD by source of funds:
11.
Industry-financed GERD as a percentage of GDP
12.
Government-financed GERD as a percentage of GDP
13.
Percentage of GERD financed by industry
14.
Percentage of GERD financed by government
15.
Percentage of GERD financed by other national sources
16.
Percentage of GERD financed by abroad
0.00
0.0135
0.00
18.36
0.00
28.44
GERD by performance sectors:
17.
Percentage of GERD performed by the Business Enterprise sector
12.08
18.
Percentage of GERD performed by the Higher Education sector
11.80
19.
Percentage of GERD performed by the Government sector
25.33
20.
Percentage of GERD performed by the Private Non-Profit sector
50.79
30
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>
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Researchers (headcount):
21.
Total researchers (headcount)
744.00
21.a.
Women researchers (headcount)
154.00
22.
Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based
on headcount)
20.70
22.a.
Business Enterprise Sector: Total researchers (headcount)
113.00
22.b.
Business Enterprise Sector: Women researchers (headcount)
15.00
22.c.
Business Enterprise Sector: Women researchers as a percentage
of total researchers (based on headcount)
13.27
22.d.
Government Sector: Total researchers (headcount)
22.e.
Government Sector: Women researchers (headcount)
86.00
22.f.
Government Sector: Women researchers as a percentage of total
researchers (based on headcount)
21.83
22.g.
Higher Education sector: Total researchers (headcount)
88.00
22.h.
Higher Education sector: Women researchers (headcount)
16.00
22.i.
Higher Education sector: Women researchers as a percentage of
total researchers (based on headcount)
18.18
394.00
31
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>
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Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD):
23.
Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D -- BERD
(million current PPP $)
23.a.
BERD (million national currency - for euro area, preEMU euro or EUR)
24.
BERD as a percentage of GDP
25.
BERD -- (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices )
0.239
0.241
0.251
0.257
0.256
25.a.
BERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant
prices)
4.0
1.0
4.1
2.38
-0.5
26.
BERD as a percentage of value added in industry
1.35
1,009.60
0.0064
NA
32
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>
1999
2000
2001
2002
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Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE):
27.
Business Enterprise researchers (FTE)
27.a Business Enterprise researchers -- Compound annual
. growth rate
35.01
NA
28.
Business Enterprise researchers as a percentage of
national total
15.70
29.
Business Enterprise researchers per thousand
employment in industry
0.22
30.
Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel (FTE)
84.66
30.a Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel – Compound
. annual growth rate
NA
31.
Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel as a
percentage of national total
17.23
32.
Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel per thousand
employment in industry
0.53
33
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BERD by source of funds:
33.
Industry-financed BERD -- (million 1995 dollars -constant prices and PPP)
0.00
33a.
Industry-financed BERD -- Compound annual growth rate
(constant prices)
0.00
34.
Industry-financed BERD as a percentage of value added
in industry
0.00
35.
Percentage of BERD financed by industry
0.00
36.
Percentage of BERD financed by government
0.00
37.
Percentage of BERD financed by other national sources
0.06
38.
Percentage of BERD financed by abroad
43.97
34
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BERD performed in selected industries:
39.
BERD performed in the aerospace industry (million current PPP $)
0.0
39.a.
Percentage of BERD performed in the aerospace industry
0.0
40.
BERD performed in the electronic industry (million current PPP $)
0.0
40.a.
Percentage of BERD performed in the electronic industry
0.0
41.
BERD performed in the office machinery and computer industry
(million current PPP $)
0.0
41.a.
Percentage of BERD performed in the office machinery and
computer industry
0.0
42.
BERD performed in the pharmaceutical industry (million current
PPP $)
0.0
42.a.
Percentage of BERD performed in the pharmaceutical industry
0.0
43.
BERD performed in the instruments industry (million current PPP $)
0.0
43.a.
Percentage of BERD performed in the instruments industry
0.0
44.
BERD performed in service industries (million current PPP $)
0.0
44.a.
Percentage of BERD performed in service industries
0.0
35
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Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD):
45.
Higher Education Expenditure on R&D -- HERD (million
current PPP $)
45.a.
HERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro
or EUR)
985.92
46.
HERD as a percentage of GDP
0.0063
47.
HERD (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices)
47.a.
HERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)
48.
Percentage of HERD financed by industry
1.32
0.233
0.236
0.245
0.251
0.25
4.0
1.0
4.1
2.38
-0.5
0.00
Higher Education R&D Personnel (FTE):
27.76
49.
Higher Education researchers (FTE)
49.a.
Higher Education researchers -- Compound annual growth
rate
NA
50.
Higher Education researchers as a percentage of national
total
12.45
51.
Higher Education Total R&D personnel (FTE)
50.26
51.a.
Higher Education Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual
growth rate
NA
36
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002 <CAMBODIA>
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2000
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2002
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Government Expenditure on R&D:
52.
Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D -- GOVERD
(million current PPP $)
52.a.
GOVERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU
euro or EUR)
53.
GOVERD as a percentage of GDP
54.
GOVERD (million 1995 dollars -- constant prices)
0.50
0.506
0.53
0.539
0.537
54.a.
GOVERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)
4.0
1.0
4.1
2.38
-0.5
55
Percentage of GOVERD financed by industry
2.83
2,116.66
0.01
0.00
Government R&D Personnel (FTE):
113.00
56.
Government researchers (FTE)
56.a.
Government researchers -- Compound annual growth rate
NA
57.
Government researchers as a percentage of national total
50.67
58.
Government Total R&D personnel (FTE)
58.a.
Government Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth
rate
248.90
NA
37
Main Science and Technology Indicators 2002
<CAMBODIA>
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
List of indicators - Excel file and electronic edition
Annex: Economic series:
A.1.
Gross Domestic Product (million national currency
–for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)
13130980
13809510
14543600
15667200
16721130
A.2.
Gross Domestic Product (million current PPP $)
17,531.35
18,437.26
19,417.36
20,917.49
22,324.61
B.
Implicit GDP Price Indices (1995 = 1.00)
10.80
7.00
5.70
5.50
NA
C.
Purchasing Power Parities (national currency per
dollar)
NA
5.00
5.30
5.20
5.30
E.
Population (thousands)
11,599
12,200
13,099
13,341
13,588
F.
Total Employment (thousands)
5,519
NA
6,175.83
NA
NA
G.
Industrial employment (thousands)
258.90
NA
524.65
NA
NA
H.
Labour Force (thousands)
360
NA
6,206.65
NA
NA
I.
Exchange rates (national currency per dollar)
3,813.82
3,858.48
3,924.34
3,924.65
4,022.40
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Conclusion
Cambodia does not have tradition in doing Research
and Development. The result of the 2002 national
survey on Research and Development has shown,
that only 0.05% of the GDP has been spend on
R&D.
The lack of financial resources is the main obstacle
in implementing R&D activities in all the 4 sectors
(government, higher education, private non profit
institution, and business enterprise). On the other
hand the lack of government incentive was
considered as the major external limitation of doing
the R&D.
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In compare to other ASEAN countries, Cambodia
does not have much researcher, only 1.2 per 10,000
labor force (In 1999 Singapore has 69.6 and 2000 up
to 83.5 per 10,000 labor force. Malaysia has 15.5 per
10,000-labor force in 2000).

The share of GERD of Cambodia looks different
from the other development countries. The business
enterprise sector performed only 12.08% of GERD,
whereas in the United State spent 74% for the
experimental development and 64% for applied
research in 1999, in Singapore 62% in 2000 and in
the same year the private sector in Malaysia
contribute 57.9%.
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The Private Non Profit Sector performed most of the
GERD (50.79%) and most of it for the applied
research, which concentrates more in social science.

The first National Survey on R&D in Cambodia for
the financial Year 2002 has generally shown
Cambodia’s place internationally in R&D. In this
respect, Cambodia needs to strengthen their R&D
activities in all sectors. It should begin from the
policy makers that they can make policy towards
R&D.
41
 The
private sector should concentrate
on its own research and development
instate of import on technology. The
university and the other higher
education institution should cooperate
more with private or public institution
in order to make their own students or
researchers apply their theory into
practice.
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