Transcript No Slide Title

Plasma Physics: A short overview
Wim Goedheer & Hugo de Blank
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica Rijnhuizen
Nieuwegein (www.rijnhuizen.nl)
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Course material can be found at:
(http://www.rijnhuizen.nl)(onderzoek)
(computational plasma physics)
(plasma physics course)
NS-CP430M-2009/2010
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What is a plasma?- “fourth state” of matter
Needed: heating of free electrons
Solid
- DC or AC (waves) electric fields
- Shock waves
- Injection of fast particles
- ………….
melting
fluid
evaporation
Gas
Increasing temperature
ionization
Plasma
A + e  A+ + 2e
AB + e  A+ + B + 2e
 AB+ + 2e
Also reverse reactions: Chemical (non)equilibrium
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Where do we find plasma
1. Astrophysical objects
The sun (SOHO @ 304 Å)
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Orion nebula (HUBBLE)
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Where do we find plasma
2. In the atmosphere
Lightning
http://www.piedmontamateurastronomers.com
Sprites, elves and blue jets
http://www.albany.edu
Aurora borealis
http://www.geo.mtu.edu
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Where do we find plasma
3. Man made: a) plasma processing of materials
http://www.phys.tue.nl/EPG
http://www.etp.phys.tue.nl/
Equipment for plasma etching and deposition of thin layers
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Where do we find plasma
3. Man made: b) Lighting
Various types of lamps,
operating at high or low pressure
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Where do we find plasma
3. Man made: c) plasma display panel
Typical size:
100 mm
plasma display panel. [Art]. Retrieved January 31, 2007,
from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-67339
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Where do we find plasma
3. Man made: d) fusion plasmas
2 m
A view inside the vacuum vessel of JET, without
and with plasma. The light shows recycling zones
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Parameters: density and temperature
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Research at the University of Utrecht: solar cells
Plasma deposition of amorphous (a-Si:H) and
nanocrystalline (nc-Si:H) thin film solar cells
SiH4 + e  SiH3 + H + e (dissociation, creation of radicals)
2SiH3 + surface  2Si + 3H2 (Si sticks to surface, H2 desorbs)
(some H in material (10%) passivates dangling bonds
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Production of
solar cells on flexible foil
Helianthos project
Collaboration of (a.o.)
UU, TU/e, TUDelft,
TNO, NUON
http://www.novem.nl
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A promising future application: energy from fusion
D + T  He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)
Required: 100-200 million K
2 - 3 x 1020 m-3
Magnetic confinement
The Tokamak: a giant transformer
Plasma (in vacuumchamber) is secondary winding
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JET: The largest Tokamak in the world (since 1983)
Some JET parameters
Major radius
Minor radius
Pulse duration
Toroidal B field
Plasma current
2.96m
2.10 x 1.25m
60s
3.45T
3 - 7MA
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ITER: The road to new energy: first plasma 2018
Joint project of EU, US, Russia, Japan,
India, P.R. China, S.Korea
To be built in Cadarache, France
Power production: 500 MW
 10x input
Some ITER parameters
Major radius
Minor radius
Pulse duration
Toroidal B field
Plasma current
6.2m
3.4 x 2m
400s
5.3T
15MA
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Fusion plasma research at Rijnhuizen
Topics: Electron cyclotron heating and current drive
Diagnostics: Charge exchange spectroscopy
Electron Cyclotron Emission spectroscopy
Tokamak Transport: simulations of discharge behaviour
Collaborations on ASDEX-Upgrade (Garching (D)) and JET (Culham (GB))
New research programme: Burning plasma in ITER
- Control (Instabilities due to fast a particles)
- Diagnostics (a particles)
- Plasma Surface Interaction and plasma edge instabilities
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Where low and high temperature plasma meet:
plasma-surface interaction in fusion devices
Fusion reactions produce helium: must be removed
Needed: controlled cool-down of edge plasma: plasma  gas
This is established in a special section: divertor
Harsh conditions:
1-2x104 K, 1024 ions m-2s-1, 10 MWm-2
Cannot be reached in present-day
tokamaks
New research line at Rijnhuizen:
MAGNUM-psi
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Pilot-psi
Magnum-psi
H plasma with B=0
…+ 1 Tesla B field
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…+ Ohmic heating
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What will this course on plasma physics bring you (I)
First part of the course (8 lectures)
 Basic plasma physics (with emphasis on magnetized plasmas)
- properties
- particle motion in E and B fields
- plasma as a fluid
- waves
- magneto-hydrodynamics
Ends with midterm examination (open book)
Exercises: Mandatory, provide basis for midterm examination
The Monday-afternoon timeslot: Will be used if necessary
= For explanation / solving problems with exercises
= In principle only on demand
= Question hour for midterm examination
= ………
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What will this course on plasma physics bring you (II)
Second part of the course:
 Advanced plasma physics
- fusion and tokamak physics
- plasma chemistry
- capita selecta (dusty plasma, plasma-surface interaction ,…)
 Exercises
- Each item will be accompanied with one or two exercises
 Excursion to Rijnhuizen (on a Monday afternoon)
Possible choices
- To match the material with your main interest (CP, EP,
theory, astrophysics) you have a choice regarding the
items for the final (oral) examination. A CP package
could for instance consist of fusion basics, plasma chemistry,
and diagnostics relevant for plasmachemical applications)
Packages will be defined later (depend a.o. on capita selecta)
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