Transcript Document

Addressing Corruption in the Asia Pacific
Region
An overview
Thimphu 20-21 August 2007
Patrick Keuleers
Purpose of presentation
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Overall integrity picture of the region
What are the priorities in the region
Analysis of some particular issues and concerns
Role of civil society and media
Building blocks for successful anti-corruption
strategies
Introduction
• Despite vast amount spent on corruption efforts
corruption in many countries in Asia is seen as
endemic and systemic
• Despite economic gains, poverty gaps increase
• Average score on TI’s index in only 2.8
• Average score on WB indicators on corruption
control is also low
• Low score on the TI Bribe payers Index
• General recognition that corruption is a problem
and that curative measures are urgently needed
Governance, corruption and human development
Corruption, Human Development Index, Average WB Indicators and TI Corruption Index
120
95.7
92.1
87
92.7
80.6
80
94.9
90.3
86.1
92.7
88.5
83
76.8
63.3
N/A
53.0 53.8
45.6
45.7
37.9
33 37.2
20
0
1.9
3.9
4.9
21
18.8
Af
gh
an
ist
an
Au
st
ra
Ba
lia
ng
la
de
sh
Bh
ut
an
Ca
m
bo
di
a
Ch
in
a
0
70.3
64.6
75.5
69.1
68
63.5
51
33
31.2
23.3
24
50
50.9
48.0
52.7
53.9
N/A
0
18.7
13.1
19
7.9
N/A
0.5
50.5
51.2
48.5 46.9
52.3
39.9
38.6
28
27
18.3
70.9
67.7
63.1
39.3 37.4
33.5
26
78.4
58.1
55.3
52.9
48.8
7.3
Fi
Ho
ji
ng
Ko
ng
N/A
18.5
76.3 77.8
73.9
61.1
58.3
40
76
71.1
In
di
a
In
do
ne
sia
60
91.2
98.1
94
91.6
88.9
80.5
74.6
75.8
98.5
96.6
96
93.6
5.4
1
25
25.2
19.5
31
27.2
22
24 25
22.0 24.2
18
36
N/A
29.135.4
26
20.0
19.9
9.2
N/A
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La
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PD
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M
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M
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M
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Pa
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Gu
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Ph
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Sa
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Si
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Sr
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Th
ai
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Ti
nd
m
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Le
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Vi
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95.1
Ira
n
100
Country
HDI
Corruption
TI
WB
Transparency International’s Bribe Payer’s Index
Bribe Payers’ Index ( Transparency International)
1. Switzerland
7. Germany
13. Spain
20. Italy
26. Taiwan
2. Sweden
8. Netherlands
14. UAE
21. South Korea
27. Turkey
3. Australia & Austria
9. Belgium & US
15. France
22. Saoudi Arabia
28. Russia
16. Portugal
23. Brazil
29. China
30. India
.
5. Canada
11. Japan
17. Mexico
24. South Africa
6. United Kingdom
12. Singapore
18. Hong Kong & Israel
25. Malaysia
Regional and Global Initiatives
• ADB-OECD Initiative
– 27 members
– 3 observers (Laos, Bhutan and Brunei)
United Nations
Convention against Corruption
- the first global legally binding instrument.
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ASEAN
APEC
NEAPAC, SEAPAC and SAPAC
UNCAC
– 140 countries signed
– Asia: all countries have signed and 7 have ratified
(Australia, Sri Lanka, China, Mongolia, Indonesia,
Philippines, Papua new Guinea)
Some trends with regard to policy development
• National policies linked to comprehensive anticorruption strategies
– Indonesia, Malaysia, S Korea, Pakistan, Mongolia, Bhutan,
Indonesia..
• Implementation plans for new anti-corruption
laws and institutional development
– Bhutan, Cambodia, Sri Lanka ..
• UNCAC implementation – gap analysis
– Mongolia, Indonesia ..
• Sectoral approaches
– Support ethical improvements in ministry of health, local anticorruption initiatives initiatives
Action Plan of the ADB-OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative
for Asia Pacific
• Pillar 1: Develop effective and transparent systems for
public service
– Integrity in Public Service
– Accountability and transparency
• Pillar 2: Strengthen Anti-Bribery Actions and Promoting
Integrity in Business Operations
– Effective Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution
– Corporate Responsibility and Accountability
• Pillar 3 – Support Active Public Involvement
– Public discussion of corruption
– Access to information
– Public participation
Priorities and issues – Public sector reform
• Corruption still considered an internal problem
within the bureaucracy
• Civil service reform
• Codes of conduct and conflict of interests
• Ethics training
• E-governance
• Procurement
• Audits and controls
Asset declarations – lessons from a survey
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Constitutional provision?
Tradition?
All civil servants or only target groups?
Verification of declarations?
Public access!!
Political corruption
• Long considered insecure ground for
development agencies
• Transparency for political parties
• Party financing and status of political parties
• Accountability of elected officials
• Codes of conduct for politicians
Private sector
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Low on the reform agenda
Corporate codes of ethics
Internal initiatives meager
Regional and global initiatives
Law enforcement and responsible institutions
• Single agency versus multiple-agency
approach
• Judiciary – TI Global report 2007
• ACA’s core success factor: FOCUS
• Legislative developments
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Illicit enrichment
Active bribing of foreign officials
Private to private corruption
Asset recovery
Civil society
• Region still cautious
• But interesting experiences
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Pakistan’s social audits
Philippines: civil society and procurement
Fiji and Singapore: administrative reviews
Nepal and district administration
Philippines: civil society and lifestyle checks
Indonesia: decentralisation and corruption
• Perception surveys and their role
• Media and oversight
Access to information
• Link between A2I and effective anticorruption policies
• 70 A2I laws
• 9 in the Asia Pacific Region
• Some concerns:
– Right to information remains a difficult and costly
exercise
– Poor are often discriminated
– Ethical behavior of journalists
6 conditions for a successful anti-corruption strategy
– political will
– understanding and considering the
governance and political context
– understanding and anticipating resistance
– proper timing and sequencing
– sufficient resources and a mandate that is
commensurate with these resource
– Connecting stakeholders - alliances
Building blocks for a successful anti-corruption strategy
– Compilation of all known information
– Articulation of the ill-effects/costs of corruption
– Public education (through media, educational institutions and
other communication means)
– Measures to improve legal/regulatory framework to enhance
prevention detection and punishment.
– Autonomy and financial resources for public accountability
institutions.
– Measures to increase disclosure, media freedom and civil
liberties.
– Processes for building a coalition of civil society, government,
private sector and media
– A program of high priority interventions selected on the basis of
diagnostic surveys and in-depth studies.
– Arrangements for monitoring, evaluation and reporting systems
and regular updating/adjustment of strategy
Thank you