Transcript AP UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT &POLITICS
AP UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT &POLITICS
MONDAY, MAY 4 2009 8:00 AM TAC HOUSE
THE TEST
• Two parts − Multiple – choice: 60 questions 45 mins.
− Free response – 4 questions 100 mins. (must do all 4 questions) • Scoring − Mid 80s – 120 = 5 − 70s – Mid 80s = 4 − High 40s – 70 = 3 − High 20s – high 40s = 2 − 0 – high 20s = 1 (The ranges change from year to year – use this only as an approximate guideline.)
Multiple-choice
• Structure of Multiple-choice questions 1. Straight forward questions may involve defining terms or making a generalization.
2. Negative questions might include “all of the following except” and requires extra time because it demands that you consider every possibility.
3. Multiple multiple-choice questions uses Roman numerals to list several possible correct answers.
4. The stimulus-based question involves interpreting a chart, graph, table, quote, etc. to determine the anwer.
Multiple-choice
• Scoring − Number –(number wrong x .25) = raw score rounded up or down to nearest whole number − Ex) 47 correct – (8 wrong x .25) = 45 section I Raw Score • Guessing − Always go with your first answer.
• Only change if you are 200% sure that the answer is wrong.
− Only guess if you can eliminate one or more of the answers, otherwise leave the question blank • No points for blank answers
Free-Response (Essay Questions)
• 4 questions 100 min (all 4 required) • You will have about 25 min per question • Read question carefully • Underline what the question asks you to do • Label each part to make sure that you answer all of the parts • Bulleting is acceptable but writing the answer scores better − If you bullet the answer make sure you explain your bullet
Free-Response (Essay Questions)
• Prompt vocabulary 1. Analyze: evaluate 2. Define: briefly tell what something means 3. Describe: create a mental picture by using details or examples 4. Discuss: give details about 5. Explain: make something clear by giving reasons or examples 6. Argue/defend/justify/support: give evidence to show why an idea or view is right or good 7. Categorize/classify: sort into groups according to a given set of traits or features
Free-Response (Essay Questions)
• Prompt vocabulary (cont.) 8. Compare and contrast: point out similarities and differences 9. Determine cause and effect: decide what leads to an event or circumstance (cause) and what results from an event or circumstance (effect) 10. Evaluate/judge: determine the worth or wisdom of an opinion, belief, or idea
Free-Response (Essay Questions) Hints
• Don’t use words that you are uncomfortable using or not familiar with.
• Don’t try to “fake out” the reader.
• Don’t preach, moralize, editorialize, or use “cute” comments.
• Don’t “data dump” or create “laundry lists.” • Do write neatly and legibly.
• Do use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Free-Response (Essay Questions) Hints cont.
• Do answer all questions and all parts of each question • Do support your essay with specific evidence and examples.
• Do pay attention to dates and terms like “modern.” • Do stop when you finish your essay.
• Do your best!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Constitutional underpinnings of United States Government
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Purpose of Government − Found in Preamble of US Constitution • Forming a more perfect union • Establishing justice • Insuring domestic tranquility • Providing for common defense • Promoting the general welfare • Securing the blessing of liberty
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Forms of Government − Anarchy − Autocracy • Absolute monarchy • Constitutional monarchy • dictatorship − Oligarchy • Aristocracy • Theocracy − Democracy • Direct democracy • Representative democracy
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Theories of Democratic Government − Traditional democratic theory − Pluralist theory − Elitist theory − Bureaucratic theory − Hyperpluralism
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Influences on American Government − Ancient Greeks and Romans − Enlightenment philosophers − Magna Carta − Parliament − Petition of Right − English Bill of Rights
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Colonial Experiences − Colonial charters − House of Burgesses − Mayflower Compact − Difficulties with Britain − Continental Congress
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Declaration of Independence • Articles of Confederation • Constitutional Convention
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Compromises − Connecticut (Great) Compromise − The Three-Fifths Compromise − The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Basic principles within the Constitution − Limited Government − Popular Sovereignty − Separation of Powers − Checks and Balances − Federalism
Amend
Formal Amendment Process
2/3 2/3 Votes by each House of Congress Of states call for a national convention N N S S 3/4 3/4 Of state legislatures Of special state conventions
Ratify
Architecture and Development of U.S. Government
• Informal Amendment Process − Legislative actions − Executive actions − Judicial interpretation/judicial review − Custom and useage
Federalism
• Constitutional basis of Federalism − Delegated powers − Implied powers − Inherent powers − Concurrent powers − Reserved powers (State governments) − Prohibited powers
Federalism
• Interstate Relations − Full faith and credit clause − Privileges and immunities clause − Extradition − Interstate compacts
Federalism
• Guarantees to the State − Republican form of government − Protections against foreign invasion − Protections against domestic violence − Respect for the geographic integrity of states
Federalism
• Establishing national supremacy − McCulloch v. Maryland • Established the implied powers of the national
government and national supremacy
− Gibbons v. Ogden • Defined commerce as including all business dealings,
and powers to regulate interstate commerce belonging exclusively to the national government.
Federalism
• Federalism today − Dual Federalism (layer cake federalism) − Cooperative Federalism (marble cake federalism) − New Federalism (devolution) − Fiscal Federalism (granting or withholding money to pay for programs) • Grant-in-aid • Categorical grants • Block grants • Revenue sharing • Mandates − Unfunded mandates
Political beliefs and Political Behaviors
Political Culture
• American Democratic Values − Majority rules/minority rights − Equality − Private property − Individual freedoms − Compromise − Limited government
Political Culture
• Political Socialization − Family − Education − Group affiliation − Demographics − Mass Media − Opinion leaders − Events
Political Culture
• Public Opinion is a collection of shared attitudes of many different people in matters relating to politics, public issues, or the making of public policy.
• Measuring public opinion − Sampling − Preparing valid questions − Controlling how the poll is taken − Analyzing and reporting results
Political Culture
• Ideology: A political spectrum − Radical − Liberal − Moderate − Conservative − reationary
Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Mass media
Political Parties
• Roles of Political Parties − Party in the electorate − Party in government − Party in organization
Political Parties
• Party systems − One-party system − Two-party system − Multi-party system
Political Parties
• What do political parties do?
− Recruit candidates − Nominate and support candidates for office − Educate the electorate − Organize the government
Political Parties
• Party identification and membership − Ideology − Education − Income − Occupation − Race or ethnicity − Gender − Religion − Family tradition − Region of the country − Marital status
Political Parties
• Two-Party tradition in America − Why a two-party tradition?
• Historical roots • Electoral system • Election laws
Political Parties
• Rise of political parties − Party Development (1789 – 1800) − Democratic Domination (1800 – 1860) − Republican Domination (1860 – 1932) − Return of Democrats (1932 – 1968) − Divided Government (1968 – present)
Voting and Elections
• Forms of Political Participation − Voting − Discussing politics and attending political meetings − Forming interest groups and PAC’s − Contacting public officials − Campaigning − Contributing money − Running for office − Protesting government decisions
Voting and Elections
• Expansion of Suffrage − Elimination of religious, property ownership, and tax payment qualifications after 1800 − Elimination of race disqualifications (15 th amendment) − Elimination of gender disqualification (19 th amendment) − Elimination of grandfather clause, white primaries, and literacy requirements with passage of federal civil rights legislation and court decisions − Allowing Washington D.C. residents to vote (23 rd amendment) − Elimination of poll taxes (24 th amendment) − Lowering voting age to 18 (26 th amendment)
Voting and Elections
• Issue or policy voting − Direct primary − Recall − Referendum − Initiative
Voting and Elections
• Low voter turnout − Expansion of electorate − Failure of political parties to mobilize voters − No perceived difference between candidates or parties − Mistrust of government − Apathy − Satisfaction with the way things are − Lack of political efficacy − Mobility of electorate − Registration process
Voting and Elections
• Factors affecting voting − Education − Occupation and income − Age − Race − Gender − Religion − Marital status − Union membership − Community membership − Party identification − geography
Voting and Elections
• Types of elections − Primary elections • Closed primary • Open primary • Blanket primary • Run-off primary − General elections − Special elections
Voting and Elections
• Campaign finance regulations and reforms − Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) 1971 • Amended in 1974 to establish the Federal Election Commission (FEC) • In 1976, Buckley v. Valeo ruled that spending limits established by FEC in 1974 were unconstitutional, ruling that those restrictions were in violations of the 1st amendment of freedom of expressions − Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform (BCRA) 2002 • Banned use of “soft money”
Interest Groups and the Mass Media
• Function of Interest Groups − Raise awareness and stimulate interest in public affairs − Represent membership − Provide information to government − Provide channels for political participation
Interest Groups and the Mass Media
• Types if interest Groups − Economic Interest Groups − Groups that Promote Causes − Public Interest Groups
Interest Groups and the Mass Media
• Strategies of Interest Groups − Influencing elections − Lobbying • Direct lobbying • Grassroots lobbying • Coalition lobbying − Litigation − Going public
Interest Groups and the Mass Media
• Political Action Committees (PACs) − Political arms of interest groups • Regulation of Interest Groups − Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act 1946 − Lobbying Disclosure Act 1995 • Mass Media − Mass media refers to all forms of communication that transmit information to the general public
Interest Groups and the Mass Media
• Development of the Modern Media − Newspapers − Magazines − Radio − Television − Internet as Media
Interest Groups and the Mass Media
• Roles if the Media − Informing the public − Shaping public opinion − Providing a link between citizens and government − Serving as watchdog − Agenda-setting
Interest Groups and the Mass Media
• Media Ownership and Government Regulation − Technical regulation − Structural regulation − Content regulation
Institutions of the Federal Government
The Legislative Branch
• Organization of Congress − Two houses meet for terms of two years beginning on January 3 of odd number years; each term is divided into two 1-year sessions − President may call special sessions in cases of national emergency − Each house of Congress chooses its own leadership and determines its own rules
The Legislative Branch
• Getting Elected to the House of Representatives − Apportionment − Reapportionment − Congressional districting − gerrymanding
The Legislative Branch
• Getting Elected to the Senate − Members were originally chosen by state legislatures in each state − Since 1913, the 17 direct elections of senators by the people of the state th Amendment allows for the
The Legislative Branch
• Incumbency effect − Name recognition − Credit claiming − Case work for constituents − More visible to constituents − Media exposure − Fundraising abilities − Experience in campaigning − Voting record
The Legislative Branch
• Leadership of Congress − House of Representatives • Speaker of the House • Majority and Minority Floor Leaders • Whips − Senate • Vice President • President Pro Tempore • Majority and Minority floor leaders • Whips
The Legislative Branch
• Committee system − Leadership of Committees • Members of the majority party in each house − Membership of committees • Reflects the percentage of each party in each house − Types of committees • Standing • Select • Joint • Conference
The Legislative Branch
• Roles of members of Congress − Policymakers − Representative • Delegate • trustee − Constituent servant − Committee member − Politician/party member
The Legislative Branch
• Powers of Congress − Legislative powers • Expressed powers • Implied powers • Limitations on powers − Nonlegislative powers • Electoral powers • Amendment powers • Impeachment • Executive powers of Senate • Investigation/oversight powers
The Legislative Branch
The Legislative Branch
• Legislative Tactics − Caucuses − Filibuster and cloture − Pork barrel legislation − Logrolling − Riders − Amendments − Lobbying − Conference committees − Legislative veto
The Legislative Branch
• Influences on Congress − Constituents − Other lawmakers and staff − Party influences − President − Lobbyists and interest groups
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• President qualifications − Formal • Natural-born citizen • At least 35 years old • Resident of U.S. 14 years prior to election − Informal • Political or military experience • Political acceptability • Married • White male • Protestant • Northern European ancestry
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Succession and Disability − 25 th amendment • Provides that Vice President takes over for President • Also provides for Presidential disability − The President informs Congress of the inability to perform the duties of president − The Vice President and a majority of the cabinet inform Congress, in writing, that the president is disabled and unable to perform those duties
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Impeachment and Removal − House of Representatives votes to impeach − Senate tries and votes for removal from office • Trial presided over by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court − Two presidents have been impeached − No President has been removed from office
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Electoral College − 12 th amendment provides for election of President and Vice President − Each state gets electors equal to the number of states representatives in Congress − In December of election year, electors cast ballots for President and Vice President − In January after election, President of Senate counts votes before a joint session of Congress − If no Presidential candidate has majority of electoral votes, House of Representatives decides election − If no Vice Presidential candidate receives majority of electoral votes, Senate decides election.
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Vice Presidency − Constitution sets out two duties for Vice President • Preside over the Senate • Determine presidential disability (25 th amendment) and take over the presidency if necessary
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Presidential Powers (Article II) − Executive powers • Enforces laws, treaties, and court decisions • Issues executive orders to carry out policies • Appoints officials, removes officials • Assumes emergency powers • Presides over cabinet and executive branch − Legislative powers • Gives annual State of the Union message • Issues annual budget and economic reports • Signs or vetoes bills • Proposes legislation and uses influences to get it passed • Calls for special sessions of Congress
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Presidential Powers (Cont.) − Diplomatic powers • Appoints ambassadors and other diplomats • Negotiates treaties and executive agreements • Meets with foreign leaders in international conferences • Accords diplomatic recognition to foreign governments • Receives foreign dignitaries − Military powers • Serves as commander in chief of armed forces • Has final decision-making authority in matters of national and foreign defense • Provides for domestic order
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Presidential Powers (Cont.) − Judicial powers • Appoints members of the federal judiciary • Grants reprieves, pardons, and amnesty − Party powers • Is the recognized leader of the party • Chooses vice presidential nominee • Strengthens party by helping members get elected (coattails) • Appoints party members to government positions (patronage) • Influences policies and platform of party
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Limitations on Presidential Powers − Congressional Checks • Override vetoes • Power to purse Agency budgets (money must be authorized and appropriated) • Power of impeachment • Legislative acts that limit president’s power (War Powers Act) • Legislative vetoes − Judicial Checks • Judicial review of executive orders − Political Checks • Public opinion • Media attention • popularity
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Presidential Character − Active-positive (FDR, Truman, JFK, Ford, Carter, Bush) − Active-negative (Wilson, Hoover, LBJ, Nixon) − Passive-positive (Taft, Harding, Reagan) − Passive-negative (Coolidge, Eisenhower)
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• The Bureaucracy − Follow three basic principles: • Hierarchial authority • Job specialization • Formal rules
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• History and Growth − Beginnings (standards included qualifications and political acceptability) − Spoils system − Reform movement − Pendleton Act – Civil Service Act of 1883 − Hatch Act of 1939 (amended 1993) − Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Organization − Four basic types • Cabinet dept. • Independent executive agencies (NASA) • Independent regulatory agencies (Securities and Exchange Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Federal Reserve Board) • Government corporations (TVA, AMTRAK, U.S. Postal Office)
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Influences on the Federal Bureaucracy − Executive influences − Congressional influences − Iron triangles (sub-governments) − Issue networks
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Executive Office of the President (EOP) − White House Office − National Security Council − Office of Management and Budget − Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives − Office of National Drug Control Policy − Office of Policy Development − Council of Economic Advisors − Office of U.S. Trade Representatives
Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy
• Executive Departments (Cabinet) − State (1789) − Treasury (1789) − Defense (1789) − Interior (1849) − Justice (1870) − Agriculture (1889) − Commerce (1903) − Labor (1913) − Health and Human Services (1953) − Housing and Urban Development (1965) − Transportation (1967) − Energy (1977) − Education (1979) − Veterans Affairs (1989) − Homeland Security (2002)
National Judiciary
• Jurisdiction − Original jurisdiction • Lower courts have authority to hear cases for first time − Appellate jurisdiction • Courts hear reviews or appeals of decisions from the lower courts − Concurrent jurisdiction • Allows certain types of cases to be tried in either the federal or state courts
National Judiciary
• Structure of the Judicial Systems • Constitutional courts are federal courts created by Congress under Article III • Legislative courts hear cases arising from the powers given to Congress under Article I (Territorial Courts, U.S. Tax Courts, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces) − District Courts • Judiciary Act of 1789 − Courts of Appeals • Created in 1891 to lessen the work load of the Supreme Court − Supreme Court • Only court actually created directly by the Constitution • Highest court in the land
National Judiciary
• Judicial Selection − President selects federal judges and the Senate confirms the nominations − No formal qualifications for federal judges − Serve “during good behavior” which means for life − The notion of the life term allows judges to be free from political pressures when deciding cases.
− Can be removed from office through impeachment
National Judiciary
• Supreme Court Appointees − When making appointments Presidents consider • Party affiliation • Judicial philosophy • Race, gender, religion, region • Judicial experience • “Litmus test” • Acceptability − Senate Judiciary Committee − Senate − American Bar Association − Interest Groups − Justices
National Judiciary
• Accepting Cases − Rule of four: Case must be accepted by four of the nine judges − Cases presented to the Supreme Court must be presented through: • Writ of Certiorari • Certificate
National Judiciary
• Writing Opinions − Majority opinion − Concurring opinion − Dissecting opinion (minority opinion)
National Judiciary
• Courts as policymakers − New Deal Era • “court-packing plan” • New Deal legislation − Warren Court (1953 – 1969) • “most liberal court ever” • Heard Brown v. Board, Gideon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona − Berger Court (1969 – 1986) • Returned court to more conservative ideology • Heard Roe v. Wade and U.S. v. Nixon (executive privilege − Rehnquist Court (1986 – 2005) • Continued to limit but not reverse earlier more liberal decision
National Judiciary
• Judicial Philosophy − Judicial Activism − Judicial Restraint
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Civil Liberties
• Protected by: − Constitution • Writ of habeas corpus – You must be brought before the court and informed of charges against you • No bills of attainder – You cannot be punished without a trial • No ex post facto laws – Laws applied to acts committed before laws’ passage are unconstitutional • Trial by jury − Bill of Rights − The Fourteenth Amendment • Provided for expansions of individual rights − Legislative actions − Court Decisions
Civil Liberties
• Freedom of Religion − Establishment Clause • Emerson v. Board of Education • Engle v. Vitale • Abington School District v. Schempp • Lemon v. Kurtzman • Lynch v. Donnelly • Wallace v. Jaffree • Edwards v. Aguillard • Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v.
Mergens
• Lee v. Weisman • Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
Civil Liberties
• Free Exercise Clause − Reynolds v. United States − Wisconsin v. Yoder − Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith − Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah − City of Boerne, Texas v. Flores
Civil Liberties
• Freedom of Speech − Several types • Pure speech • Symbolic speech • Speech plus
Civil Liberties
• Regulating Speech − Schenck v. United States − Gitlow v. New York − Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire − Tinker v. Des Moines − Brandenberg v. Ohio − Miller v. California − Texas v. Johnson − Reno v. ACLU
Civil Liberties
• Freedom of the Press − Near v. Minnesota − New York Times v. Sullivan − New York Times v. United States − Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
Civil Liberties
• Freedom of Assembly and Petition − Dejonge v. Oregon − The courts have generally ruled: • That to protect public order, government may require groups wanting to parade or demonstrate to first obtain a permit.
• Certain public facilities (schools, airports, jails) not generally open to public may be restricted from demonstrations • Restrictions on assembly must be worded precisely and must apply to all groups equally • The right to assemble does not allow groups to use private property for its own use • Police may disperse demonstrations in order to keep the peace or protect the public’s saftey
Civil Liberties
• Right to privacy − Griswold v. Connecticut − Roe v. Wade
Civil Liberties
• Rights of the Accused − Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure • Wolf v. Colorado • Mapp v. Ohio • Terry v. Ohio • Nix v. Williams • United States v. Leon − Fifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination • Miranda v. Arizona
Civil Liberties
• Rights of the Accused (Cont.) − Sixth Amendment: Right to an Attorney • Powell v. Alabama • Betts v. Brady • Gideon v. Wainwright (overturned Betts v. Brady) − Eighth Amendment: Cruel and Unusual Punishment • Furman v. Georgia • Gregg v. Georgia
Civil Rights
• The Civil Rights Movement − Civil War Amendments • Thirteenth Amendment − Freed Slaves • Fourteenth Amendment − Defined citizenship − Due process and equal protection − Applied Bill of Rights to States • Fifteenth Amendment − Right to vote to all men • Black codes • Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Jim Crowe Laws • Plessey v. Ferguson
Civil Rights
• The Civil Rights Movement (Cont.) • Executive Order 8802 (1941) • Executive Order 9981 (1948) • Brown v. Board of Education • Brown v. Board of Education II • The Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • 24 th Amendment • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Civil Rights Act of 1991
Public Policy
Policymaking Process
• Policymaking process involves several steps: − Agenda setting − Policy formulation − Policy adoption − Policy implementation − Policy evaluation
Domestic Policy
• Crime Prevention − FBI − DEA − ATF • Education • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Social Welfare
Economic Policy
• Raising Revenue • Government Spending − Discretionary spending − National debt • Federal Budget • Foreign and Defense Policy
President and Foreign Policy
• Department of State • Department of Defense • National Security Council • United States Information Agency • Central Intelligence Agency
Current Issues in Foreign Policy
• Current foreign issues include: − Nuclear proliferation − Terrorism − International trade • NAFTA