Transcript vet.kku.ac.th

Data Presentation and Report Writing
FETPV Short Course
21 September 2009
Khon Kaen University
David Castellan
FAO Regional Veterinary Epidemiologist
1
Topics
I.
Data Presentation
II.
Report Writing
III. Presentations
IV. Public Speaking
V.
Exercise
2
Steps of an Outbreak Investigation
(Adapted From: Mazet, UC Davis and Reingold, UCLA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Verify the existence of an outbreak
Establish working case definition(s)
Prepare for field work
Verify the diagnosis
Case finding and data collection
Describe the outbreak by Animal, Time, Place
Develop hypotheses
Intensive follow-up including analytical studies to test the
hypotheses
- Conduct special studies (e.g. environmental, market
chain);
Implement control measures
Communicate findings
- Outbreak report
- Publications
3
Data
How can we assess the possible causes
of an outbreak if we don’t collect and
report essential data?
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I. Data Presentation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General Principles
Tables
Graphs
Charts
Maps
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General Principles for Presenting Data
 Goals:
1. Communicate findings as clearly and
simply as possible
2. Data supports recommendations
 Present the most important data
 Illustrate animal, place and time
relationships
 One table, graph, chart or map can
be more effective than much written
text
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Describe the Outbreak
Animal
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
quail
layer
2000
1500
1000
500
0
amarapura
Aung Myae
Thar San
Chan Mya
Thar Si
kyaukse
Mandalay
Maha
Aungmyae
Pyi gyi Tagun
santkaing
kant balu
Khin Oo
Monywa
Ye Oo
Sagaing
Place
Time
Weekly Incidence of Onset of Signs Consistent with vND for Confirmed
Commercial Cases (n=21)
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No. New Cases
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Week of Outbreak From 12/7/03 to 3/21/03
14
15
16
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Animal, Place, Time
(2009 FETPV Field Exercise: CSF)
Herd Name Location % Morbidity Disease share
Period boar
A
Dist. 4
88 (14/16)
April
1
B
Dist. 8
7
C
Dist. 4
100
D
Dist. 4
88
E
Dist. 4
F
swill
feed
0
trader
1
no
vaccine
1
(1/14)
April
1
0
1
1
(2/2)
May
1
0
0
1
(14/16)
May
1
0
1
1
8
(2/25)
May
1
0
1
0
Dist.12
8
5/66)
May
0
0
1
1
G
Dist. 12
3
(3/84)
May
1
1
1
0
H
Dist. 8
26
(7/26)
May
1
0
1
1
I
Dist. 11
18
(11/60)
June
0
0
1
0
J
Dist. 4
71
(5/7)
July
1
0
1
1
K
Dist. 8
5
July
0
0
1
1
TOTALS
(3/52)
72.73
9.09
90.91
72.73
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General Principles for Presenting Data
 Data is clearly labeled and dated
 Reference the source of data if you did not
collect it
 Highlight the main differences, trends and
associations
 Acknowledge significant assistance from
others
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Tables
(Source: Thailand DLD)
 Tables include data
arranged in rows and
columns
 Types of data elements
 Count
 Frequency
 Characteristics




Age
Sex
Species
Breed
 Test Result
Sample
No.
Species
Province
RT-PCR
Result
1
Tree Sparrow Rayong
Negative
2
Myna
Rayong
Negative
3
Tree Sparrow Rayong
Negative
4
Rock Pigeon
Rayong
Negative
5
Rock Pigeon
Rayong
Negative
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Types of Data
 Continuous
1
1.1
e.g. weight in grams, temperature
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
 Discrete (whole numbers)
 11, 12, 13, 14
 Category
 Production class: Chicken egg layer; Broiler;
Dual purpose duck
 Interval
 Ages: 1-25; 26-50; 51-65;
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Types of Data (cont)
Coordinates (paired
data point)
 X-Y Coordinates
 Geographic
Coordinates
 Latitude and
Longitude
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Tables: Communicating Clearly





Title
Row and column headings
Cells
Totals
Footnotes with abbreviations
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Tables:
2005 State Livestock Census Data
(Source: Castellan, DM)
District
Cattle
Sheep
Swine
Poultry
TOTAL
A
18,000
4,224
4,581
1,556
28,361
B
15,000
6,336
120
133
21,589
C
12,000
71
27
379
12,477
D
60,000
6,722
2,362
764
69,848
E
55,000
3,601
1,561
1,552
61,714
F
7,000
1,607
1,128
6,133
15,868
G
44,000
4,138
913
459
49,510
H
32,000
11,146
0
358
43,504
I
18,000
9,418
2,408
4,961
34,787
J
67,000
7,055
143
359
74,557
TOTAL
328,000
54,318
13,243
16,654
412,21514
Frequency Table
Number of Salmonella Carriers Detected Over Time in
A Poultry Slaughter Facility (Kotova, 1988)
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Labeled Tables with Footnotes
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Graphs
 Graphs should explain themselves
 Scale can differ





Arithmetic
Logarithmic
Semi-logarithmic
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
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Graphs: Arithmetic
(Y Axis)
(X Axis)
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Graphs: Histogram
(Source: Dr. Wandee Kongkaew)
N
o.
N
e
w
C
a
s
e
s
Time
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Avian Influenza H6N2 Incidence in a Broiler House
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
Mortality
800
800
600
500
400
400
400
350
300
250
200
130
120
50
0
00
/6 2
/
12
2
00
/7 2
/
12
2
00
/8 2
/
12
2
00
/9 2
/
12
2
0
/2
0
/1
12
02
0
/2
1
/1
12
02
0
/2
2
/1
12
02
0
/2
3
/1
12
Date
02
0
/2
4
/1
12
02
0
/2
5
/1
12
02
0
/2
6
/1
12
02
0
/2
7
/1
12
02
0
/2
8
/1
12
02
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Frequency Histogram
Biosecurity Measures Adopted
January-August, 2003
57%
Type of Measure
Improv e d C&D
32%
De dicate d clothing/footwe ar
Footbaths
Comparme ntalize
Logbook
Locke d Gate
Disposable Clothing for Visitors
Employe e training
No v isitor policy
Showe rs
0%
18%
13%
11%
7%
5%
5%
5%
5%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
% of Measures Adopted
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Graphs: Frequency Polygon
% Egg Production
Egg Prodution Chart
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Flock ID
110
111
112
113
114
molting
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
Age (weeks)
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Charts
 There are many types including:
 Pie Chart
 Timeline
 Disease events over time
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Pie Chart
Epidemiology Training Type in Region of Asia and
Pacific Since 2006 (n=34)
Other
9%
Missing Data
15%
Class + Field Trip
18%
Classroom
58%
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Timeline
History of AI and vND in CA: 19982004
LP Avian
Influenza
H6N2
virulent
Newcastle
disease
LP Avian
Influenza
H5N2
virulent
Newcastle
disease
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Counting Disease Events Over Time
 Counting time at risk
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HPAI+
9
8
Disappeared
7
HPAI+
Sentinel
Chickens
6
Stolen
5
HPAI+
4
HPAI+
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
(weeks)
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Maps





Spot Maps
Tracking Disease Movement
Disease Trends
Flow Diagram
Risk Mapping
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9/26/03
Lancaster
9/27/03
Compton
vND Index Cases
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Outbreak Investigation Spot Map
Legend
O – Positive
Case
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Disease Movement: Combining
Person/Animal, Place and Time
But moving stuff down the highway – yes;
grinding up dead birds - yes
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Molecular Mapping
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2.2
2.3.4
7
MOLECULAR APPROACH
Adapted from: Dr Ken Inui
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Risk Mapping: HPAI in South Asia
(Courtesy of Dr Leo Loth, FAO)
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Flow Diagram
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Market Chain Analysis
(Adapted from: Rushton, Taylor, DeHaan)
Road
Production
Cluster
Seasonal
Market
Movement
Corridor
Border
Through people
Consumption centre
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Combining Tables and Maps
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II. Report Writing
 General Principles
 Secondary Data Analysis
 Surveys and Surveillance
 Outbreak Investigation
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Reports
 Response to a request for information
 Formal written presentation
 purpose, methods, results, conclusions
and recommendations
 Goal: Practical recommendations for
decision makers based on scientific
data
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Guidelines
 Reports are highly structured
 Interim report
 Final report
Identify your target audience
Begin by writing an outline
Be clear and to the point
The purpose of the report should be well
defined
 Conclusions should be supported by data
 Provide recommendations that are practical




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Reporting Findings
 Methods
 Internal reports including
recommendations
 Publications
 Presentations
 Reasons
 Government requirement
 Share experience
 Advance understanding
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Collecting Descriptive Data
Systematically
 What events occurred;

Production, Movement and
Molecular
 Who is involved (animals
and humans): Animal
 When events occurred in
time (critical time periods):
Time
 Where events occurred
including man-made and
natural environments: Place
How Complete are Disease Investigation
Forms?
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Type of Reports
Report B
Report A
Epidemiology Information
Regulatory Information



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



Date of notification
No. of sub-districts affected
Total No. birds culled
Total feed destroyed
No. RRT engaged
Date of clean-up
Compensation amount
Date of Sanitation Certificate





Owner name and location
Date/Time



of visit
first clinical signs observed
From onset of signs and death




Total at Risk
Morbidity
Mortality
Culled



People
Poultry
Equipment
Clinical signs noted
Poultry
Recent Movements on and off of
farm
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Report Structure













Title
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Appendices
Endnotes
References
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Opening Section
 Title
 Clearly describes the what was studied
 Organization
 Author = substantive contributions
 Date
 Acknowledgements
 Significant assistance
 Table of Contents
 Logical order with page numbers
 List of tables and figures
 Abstract
 Brief summary of the report (250 words)
 Purpose, methods, results, conclusions
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Main Section
 Introduction
 Significance of the report/study
 Related previous research and work
 Purpose of study
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Main Section
 Methods
 Be clear and brief
 Include hypothesis tested
 Explain the methods used
 Describe how the population was
selected
 Describe the type and source of data
 Describe methods for collecting data
 Describe how data was analyzed
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Main Section (cont)
 Results
 Clearly present and summarize the main
findings
 Accept or reject the null hypothesis
 Use graphic illustrations to summarize
main results
46
Main Section (cont)
 Discussion
 Significance of findings
 Limitations of the study
 Propose follow up action
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Main Section (cont)
 Conclusions
 Re-state the purpose
 Make conclusions directly based on the
data presented
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Main Section (cont)
 Recommendations




Brief (length of an abstract)
Consistent with findings and results
Consistent with conclusions
Practical and can be implemented
It is the work of field epidemiologists
to present science based recommendations to
decision makers
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Final Section
 Appendices
 Additional details not included in main
section
 Endnotes
 Explanatory notes
 Details of materials
 References
 Use proper format requested
 Include all sources of information
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III. Presentations
Software – MS PowerPoint®
Allow 1-2 minutes per slide
Minimum text
Use graphic illustrations
Contents
 Outline
 Acknowledgements
 Summary
 Format
 Use consistent headings
 Font type (Roman, Arial) and size (minimum 20 size)
 Color





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IV. Public Speaking
 Speak with your audience in mind
 Speak confidently about what you have
earned the right to speak about
 Use your time wisely and allow for
questions at the end
 Outline your topics, present them then
summarize them
 Format
 purpose, main methods, findings, conclusions
and recommendations
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Contents
 Explain the problem and its importance
 Describe the setting and location using
maps
 Explain methods and reasons for using
them
 Describe and explain the results
 Draw conclusions
 Make recommendations to decision makers
for prevention and control efforts
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Simple Rules
(M. Gregg, 2008)
 Stay within time limits
 Prepare clear, visible visual aids
 Keep illustrations simple without too
much data
 Respect the audience
 Keep calm and don’t react negatively
to questions
54
Thank You for Your Attention!
 Questions or Comments?
 Contact Information
 [email protected]
55
References
 Gregg, M. (Ed). 2008: Field Epidemiology, Third
Edition. Oxford University Press. New York, 572 p.
 Tulane University.
www.tulane.edu/~lamp/pdfs/how_to_write_a_research_
report_presentation.pdf
 University of Massachusetts.
http://www.umass.edu/schoolcounseling/Welcometo
AmherstMassachusetts/ReportingandPresentingData.
ppt
56
V. Exercise
1. List the kind(s) of government
reports required
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V. Exercise
2. List the challenges in compiling
reports
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V. Exercise
3. Create an outline of the main section of a
report using recent outbreak investigation
or surveillance data using the following
headings:





Purpose
Methods and Materials
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
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