Englishes: British, Scottish, Global
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Transcript Englishes: British, Scottish, Global
Englishes: British,
Scottish, Global
Dialect, idiolect, sociolect
Received Pronunciation (RP)
(Received) Standard English,
Oxford English, Public School English,
BBC English
„talking proper/posh”; „la-di-dah”
1791: Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the
English Language (John Walker)
Education Act of 1870: rise of public schools
„He wore a tattered brown trilby, grey
shabby trousers, crepe-soled shoes and a
dark-coloured anorak. He carried a walking
stick and spoke with a good accent, the
police say.”
„It is impossible for an Englishman to open
his mouth without making some other
Englishmen despise him.” (G. B. Shaw)
Paul Scott: The Jewel in the Crown
(Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick)
Dialects, RP and society
Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles:
Tess, „who passed Sixth Standard in the
National School under a London-trained
mistress, spoke two languages: the dialect
at home, more or less, ordinary English
abroad and to persons of quality”
dialect - accent
Non-standard language: vocabulary,
grammar, pronunciation
I didn’t have no dinner tonight.
I seen an accident before I come here.
Our teacher can’t learn us nothing.
(OE ‘leornian’)
I shall stay here while she comes.
(„Wait while lights flash.”)
Cockney English
„cockeneyes”, „cockenay” (Bow Bells)
dropping the aitch
(„That’s an ‘edgeog. It’s really two words. ‘Edge
and ‘og. Both begin with an aitch.”)
diphthongs: fate, great, high, why, don’t
about – abaht; thousand – fahsn, Gawd
the glottal stop
the linking ‘r’
v and w
‘th’ sounds (Fevvers, muvver, barf, fahsn)
question tags („innit”)
intonation, pitch, tone („Ay-ee, Ba-yee, Cy-ee”)
sources of Cockney
Romany: pal, chavvy, mush
Yiddish: shemozzle, nosh
Arabic and other Oriental: bint, cushy,
dekko, shufti, doolally
French (WW2): parleyvoo, San fairy ann,
toot sweet
Mate, chum, guvnor, cock, love
Blimey (Gorblimey), Cor, Wotcha
aggro
Literary Cockney
Sam Weller in Dickens’ The Pickwick
Papers (Wellerisms: „Bevare of vidders”)
G. B. Shaw: Pygmalion
Kipling: Barrack-Room Ballads
East Enders (soap); Only Fools and Horses
(sitcom)
Cockney slang
Adam and Eve
Brahms and Liszt
Rosy Lee
trouble and strife
butcher’s; cobbler’s
Jimmy Riddle; Bristols
to rabbit; raspberry
Joe Strummer, Hampdon roar, Salisbury Crag
BACK-SLANG (yob, nevis)
Geordie English
talk, walk – wahk
Clear ‘l’
Uvular ‘r’
Don’t, goat, know
Down, town
Scouse(r) English
„lobscouse”
Fair=fur, spare=spur
Singing
Pin, sing
‘r’: alveolar tap (rabbit, grass, carry)
Matter – ‘marra’ (Norra lorra fun)
k/x/ing, back/x/, d/z/ad, bad/z/
Adenoidal speech
Brookside (soap opera)
Yorkshire dialect
Fast, car, path
House, down – hoos, doon
Up, cut, much
‘th’ sounds
Summat
Norse words: beck, lake (laik)
Scottish English, Scots
‘r’ sound („rhotic”) (laird, beard, bird)
Vowel length rule
Rise vs rice, brewed vs brood,
Do, poor, use – boot, tool
Voiceless velar fricative (loch)
Where, while
Scots
Gaelic: glarsach, loch, pibroch, cairn,
clachan, capercailzie, slogan
ceilidh, slainte
Old E: bairn, wee, bide, dicht, heuch,
glaikit
Norse: ain, aye, blether, kirk, lass, lowp,
maun
Dutch: pinkie, callan, coft
Literary Scots (Lallans Scots)
Robert Burns (18th cent.)
Scottish Renaissance (1920-s, 30s)
Hugh MacDiarmid: The Eemis Stane
India
Hindi loanwords: bungalow, pundit, pukka,
juggernaut, jungle,
the Hobson-Jobson (dictionary, 1886)
Three Language Formula
South Africa: Afrikaans
trek, spoor, veldt
Jamaica and West Indies: Creole
„Di kuk di tel mi mi faamin, bot it nat so.”
Singlish
West Africa: Krio
Pidgin Englishes
(eg. Tok Pisin in New Guinea)