Transcript Englishes: British, Scottish, Global

Englishes: British,
Scottish, Global
Dialect, idiolect, sociolect
Received Pronunciation (RP)
(Received) Standard English,
Oxford English, Public School English,
BBC English
„talking proper/posh”; „la-di-dah”
1791: Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the
English Language (John Walker)
Education Act of 1870: rise of public schools
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„He wore a tattered brown trilby, grey
shabby trousers, crepe-soled shoes and a
dark-coloured anorak. He carried a walking
stick and spoke with a good accent, the
police say.”
„It is impossible for an Englishman to open
his mouth without making some other
Englishmen despise him.” (G. B. Shaw)
 Paul Scott: The Jewel in the Crown
(Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick)
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Dialects, RP and society
Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles:
 Tess, „who passed Sixth Standard in the
National School under a London-trained
mistress, spoke two languages: the dialect
at home, more or less, ordinary English
abroad and to persons of quality”
 dialect - accent
 Non-standard language: vocabulary,
grammar, pronunciation
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I didn’t have no dinner tonight.
I seen an accident before I come here.
Our teacher can’t learn us nothing.
(OE ‘leornian’)
I shall stay here while she comes.
(„Wait while lights flash.”)
Cockney English
„cockeneyes”, „cockenay” (Bow Bells)
 dropping the aitch
(„That’s an ‘edgeog. It’s really two words. ‘Edge
and ‘og. Both begin with an aitch.”)
 diphthongs: fate, great, high, why, don’t
 about – abaht; thousand – fahsn, Gawd
 the glottal stop
 the linking ‘r’
 v and w
 ‘th’ sounds (Fevvers, muvver, barf, fahsn)
 question tags („innit”)
 intonation, pitch, tone („Ay-ee, Ba-yee, Cy-ee”)
sources of Cockney
Romany: pal, chavvy, mush
Yiddish: shemozzle, nosh
Arabic and other Oriental: bint, cushy,
dekko, shufti, doolally
French (WW2): parleyvoo, San fairy ann,
toot sweet
Mate, chum, guvnor, cock, love
Blimey (Gorblimey), Cor, Wotcha
aggro
Literary Cockney
 Sam Weller in Dickens’ The Pickwick
Papers (Wellerisms: „Bevare of vidders”)
 G. B. Shaw: Pygmalion
 Kipling: Barrack-Room Ballads
 East Enders (soap); Only Fools and Horses
(sitcom)
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Cockney slang
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Adam and Eve
Brahms and Liszt
Rosy Lee
trouble and strife
butcher’s; cobbler’s
Jimmy Riddle; Bristols
to rabbit; raspberry
Joe Strummer, Hampdon roar, Salisbury Crag
BACK-SLANG (yob, nevis)
Geordie English
talk, walk – wahk
Clear ‘l’
Uvular ‘r’
Don’t, goat, know
Down, town
Scouse(r) English
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„lobscouse”
Fair=fur, spare=spur
Singing
Pin, sing
‘r’: alveolar tap (rabbit, grass, carry)
Matter – ‘marra’ (Norra lorra fun)
k/x/ing, back/x/, d/z/ad, bad/z/
Adenoidal speech
Brookside (soap opera)
Yorkshire dialect
Fast, car, path
 House, down – hoos, doon
 Up, cut, much
 ‘th’ sounds
 Summat
 Norse words: beck, lake (laik)
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Scottish English, Scots
‘r’ sound („rhotic”) (laird, beard, bird)
Vowel length rule
Rise vs rice, brewed vs brood,
Do, poor, use – boot, tool
Voiceless velar fricative (loch)
Where, while
Scots
Gaelic: glarsach, loch, pibroch, cairn,
clachan, capercailzie, slogan
 ceilidh, slainte
 Old E: bairn, wee, bide, dicht, heuch,
glaikit
 Norse: ain, aye, blether, kirk, lass, lowp,
maun
 Dutch: pinkie, callan, coft
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Literary Scots (Lallans Scots)
Robert Burns (18th cent.)
 Scottish Renaissance (1920-s, 30s)
 Hugh MacDiarmid: The Eemis Stane
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India
Hindi loanwords: bungalow, pundit, pukka,
juggernaut, jungle,
the Hobson-Jobson (dictionary, 1886)
Three Language Formula
South Africa: Afrikaans
trek, spoor, veldt
 Jamaica and West Indies: Creole
„Di kuk di tel mi mi faamin, bot it nat so.”
Singlish
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West Africa: Krio
Pidgin Englishes
(eg. Tok Pisin in New Guinea)