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International Flight Inspection Symposium Oklahoma City, OK USA June 2008 Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas Dale Courtney US FAA Air Traffic Organization Discussion Points Effects of Multi-Path on ILS Signalin-Space ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas ICAO Recognition of Critical and Sensitive Areas Mathematical Model Validation Simulation Results Conclusions Questions IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 2 of 24 Effects of Multi-Path on ILS ILS Localizer and Glide Path Signal Quality is Influenced by Multi-Path Multi-Path Occurs When a Radio Signal Travels by More Than One Path to Arrive At the Receiver • The Direct Path is From the Transmitter to the Receiver • Additional Paths are Created When the Transmitted Signal Reflects Off Another Object and Then Arrives at the Receiver IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 3 of 24 Effects of Multi-Path on ILS Multi-Path Can Be Characterized as Either Static or Dynamic • Static Multi-Path is Created by Fixed Objects Such as Buildings or Terrain • Dynamic Multi-Path is Created by Transient Objects Such as Airplanes or Vehicles The Amount of Degradation on an ILS Signal due to Multi-Path is a Function of Location, Size, and Orientation of the Reflecting Object IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 4 of 24 Effects of Multi-Path on ILS ILS Signal Degradation Due to MultiPath is Realized by Structure Roughness and Alignment/Angle Deviation Effects of Multi-Path due to Static Sources Do Not Change Over Time Effects of Multi-Path due to Dynamic Sources Change with Location of the Reflector IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 5 of 24 ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas Aircraft and Vehicles Operating Near Localizer and Glide Path Facilities Can Cause Distortion to the ILS Signal-in-Space Protection Areas Around the Localizer and Glide Path Facilities Become Necessary to Protect the Integrity of the ILS Signal-in-Space • Historically Called ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 6 of 24 ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas Dimensions and Location of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas Are Determined by Both Direct Flight Measurement and Mathematical Modeling Movement of Aircraft and Vehicles in the ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas Can be Restricted or Operationally Controlled to Protect ILS Signal Quality During ILS Operations IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 7 of 24 ICAO Recognition of CSA The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Publishes Critical and Sensitive Area Dimensions and Location in Annex 10 ICAO’s Navigation Systems Panel Recognized Published Critical and Sensitive Areas May Not be Sufficient to Protect ILS Signal Quality Considering Today’s Larger Aircraft IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 8 of 24 ICAO Recognition of CSA A Group was Commissioned by the Navigation Systems Panel in March 2007 to Consider Updates to ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas The Group Determined Updates to ICAO Critical and Sensitive Areas Considering: • Critical Area is a Dimension About the Localizer or Glide Path Such That Aircraft or Vehicles Within the Area Cause Out-of-Tolerance Disturbances to the ILS from the Limit of Coverage to 2 Nautical Miles from Threshold IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 9 of 24 ICAO Recognition of CSA • Sensitive Area is a Dimension About the Localizer or Glide Path Such That Aircraft or Vehicles Within the Area Cause Out-of-Tolerance Disturbances to the ILS from 2 Nautical Miles from Threshold to the Point the ILS Signal is No Longer Used IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 10 of 24 ICAO Recognition of CSA • Critical and Sensitive Area Dimensions are Determined by the Root Sum Square Combination of Static and Dynamic Multi-Path Contribution Static Multi-Path is Considered to Consume 60% of Allowable Tolerance Dynamic Multi-Path is Considered to Consume 80% of Allowable Tolerance IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 11 of 24 Mathematical Model Validation An Extensive Effort Would be Required to Completely Define ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas Only by Flight Measurement Techniques Mathematical Modeling and Simulation Techniques Lend Themselves to Better Define ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas • Simulation Must be Well Validated by Comparison with Ground and Flight Measurement for a Variety of Situations IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 12 of 24 Mathematical Model Validation Efforts Conducted in Europe and the United States to Validate Simulation Techniques • Locations of Interest Were Determined by Simulation • Ground and Flight Measurements of an Actual Aircraft in the Determined Position were Collected • Results were Compared to Validate Simulation Techniques IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 13 of 24 Localizer Validation IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 14 of 24 Glide Path Validation IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 15 of 24 B747 Impact to Small Aperture Localizer IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 16 of 24 B747 Impact to Large Aperture Localizer IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 17 of 24 B757 Impact to Medium Aperture Localizer IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 18 of 24 A380 Impact to Medium Aperture Localizer IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 19 of 24 Localizer Critical and Sensitive Areas Critical Area Rear Sensitive Sensitive Area Additional rear Sensitive Area for orthogonal to runway orientation Additional Sensitive Area for non-orthogonal, non-parallel to runway orientation ZS1 ZS2 runway YC Y3 12 0 Y1 m ZC Y2 XC 1500 m 300 m XTH XS Not to scale Dimensions in meters IFIS 2008, OKC Note - Y3 and XTH are determined by a site-specific study. Where no specific study has been undertaken, the default value for XTH is zero. Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 20 Glide Path Critical and Sensitive Areas Runway Threshold Not to scale Ws Runway Glide Path Antenna 50 m YC [o,p] YS [o,p] 45° ZC ZS XC [o,p] XS [o,p] Sensitive Area Critical Area Additional Critical Area for non-parallel aircraft higher than 6 meters Note –The sensitive area extends on the other side of the runway. If vehicle movements or holding are possible in this area, W S is assessed through a specific study. IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 21 Conclusions Critical and Sensitive Area Dimensions are Heavily Influenced by: • Aircraft Tail Height and Size • Location and Orientation of Reflector • Type of Localizer or Glide Path Antenna Validated Mathematical Models Can be Used to More Completely Define Critical and Sensitive Areas as Compared to Flight Measurement IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 22 of 24 Conclusions Care Should be Exercised When Using Flight Measurement Techniques Alone to Quantify Effects of an Aircraft or Vehicle on ILS Signal-in-Space Performance as Small Changes in Reflector Location and Orientation Can Result in Varying Levels of Measured Distortion IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 23 of 24 QUESTIONS? IFIS 2008, OKC Determination of ILS Critical and Sensitive Areas 24 of 24