Transcript Systematics - Diablo Valley College

Systematics
Biological System of Taxonomy
corn
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Plant
Anthophyta
Monocotyledonae
Poales
Poaceae
Zea
Z. mays
vanilla orchid
Plant
Anthophyta
Monocotyledonae
Asparagales
Orchidaceae
Vanilla
V. planifolia
housefly
Animal
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Muscidae
Musca
M. domestica
human
Animal
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
H. sapiens
Fig. 26-3
Species:
Panthera
pardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
Bacteria
Domain: Eukarya
Archaea
Fig. 26-3a
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
Bacteria
Domain: Eukarya
Archaea
Fig. 26-3b
Species:
Panthera
pardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Systematics: forming groups
showing evolutionary relationship.
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Name: Genus species : Homo sapiens
How to remember?
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D
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
How to remember?
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Did
King
Philip
Come
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti?
Do
Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fine
Grained
Sand?
Dumb
Kids
Playing
Catch
On
Freeways
Get
Squished
Fig. 26-4
Order
Family Genus
Species
Taxidea
Taxidea
taxus
Lutra
Mustelidae
Panthera
Felidae
Carnivora
Panthera
pardus
Lutra lutra
Canis
Canidae
Canis
latrans
Canis
lupus
Fig. 26-21c
EUKARYA
Land plants
Green algae
Dinoflagellates
Forams
Ciliates
Red algae
Diatoms
Amoebas
Cellular slime molds
Animals
Fungi
Euglena
Trypanosomes
Leishmania
Our group
Universal
Common
Ancestor ?
Fig. 26-22
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
4
3
2
Billions of years ago
1
0
Fig. 26-23
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Fig. 26-23
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Phylogenies:
Ancestral trees
showing relatedness
Along a lineage
for a group or species
A Common
ancestor for
mammals
What is a species?
• Species, simply means a “kind” or
“appearance”in Latin.
– Still used this way in chemistry
• In Taxonomy, species is the most unique
grouping in the hierarchy.
Species
• Based on Herbals, full page lists of
characters.
• Binomial system: Homo sapiens,
– Linnaeus (1700's) based on a type specimen,
called the Holotype, with a complete
description in Latin.
Herbal
Holotypes
Biological Species Concept
• Not a definition proper
• Based the ability to sexually reproduce
thus sharing a common genepool and
evolution.
– “Species are groups of interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated
from other such groups”.
Scientific names:
• Always in Latin, italicized
• Genus capitalized, species not
• Underline names only for handwritten
work, not print.
• In publications, author is include to
distinguish form older, or other names
• Umbellularia californica (Hook & Arn)Nutt
Fig. 26-5
Branch point
(node)
Taxon A
Taxon B
Taxon C
ANCESTRAL
LINEAGE
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Common ancestor of
taxa A–F
Polytomy
Sister
taxa
Applications of phylogenies:
• What whale meat is being consumed in
Japan?
• 13 samples of whale meat taken from
Japanese fish markets.
• Used Mitochondrial DNA comparisons
from meat to known published species
samples
• Lines in red show relations to illegal whale
meat.
Fig. 26-6
RESULTS
Minke
(Antarctica)
Minke
(Australia)
Unknown #1a,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Minke
(North Atlantic)
Humpback
(North Atlantic)
Humpback
(North Pacific)
Gray
Blue
(North Atlantic)
Blue
(North Pacific)
Fin
(Mediterranean)
Fin (Iceland)
Fig. 26-16
Lizards
and snakes
Crocodilians
Common
ancestor of
crocodilians,
dinosaurs,
and birds
Ornithischian
dinosaurs
Saurischian
dinosaurs
Birds
Fig. 26-17
Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor
and eggs
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture
Fig. 26-17a
Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor
and eggs
Fig. 26-17b
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture
• Molecular clock in mammals based on
seven proteins
Fig. 26-19
90
60
30
0
0
30
60
90
Divergence time (millions of years)
Green dots 3 primate species (slower to change)
120
Fig. 26-20
0.20
0.15
0.10
Computer model
of HIV
Range
0.05
0
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
1980 2000