Transcript Computer Assisted Dispute REsolution (CADRE)

Energy-Water Nexus
Vincent Tidwell and Mike Hightower
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,
for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration
under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Water for Energy
Energy for Water
Energy and power
production
requires water
• Thermoelectric
Cooling
• Energy Minerals
Extraction/Mining
• Fuel Processing
(fossil fuels,
H2,biofuels)
• Emission Control
Water
production,
processing,
distribution,
and end-use
requires energy
•
•
•
•
•
Pumping
Conveyance
Treatment
Distribution
Use
Conditioning
Estimated Freshwater Withdrawals
by Sector: 320 BGD
Public Supply
14%
Industrial
6%
Livestock
2%
48% of total daily water withdrawals
Thermoelectric
39%
Source: USGS Circular 1268, March, 2004
Irrigation
39%
Note: Hydropower and saline water
uses are not included here!
U.S. Freshwater Consumption:
100 BGD
U.S. Freshwater Consumption, 100 Bgal/day
Domestic
7.1%
Livestock
3.3%
Commercial
1.2%
Thermoelectric
3.3%
Irrigation
80.6%
Industrial
3.3%
Mining
1.2%
Source: Solley et al., 1998
Thermoelectric Water Consumption in
the Continental United States: 2004
MGD
Total Water Consumption in the
United States: 2004
MGD
Energy for Water Today
• 27% of non-agricultural water is consumed
by the energy sector.
• 3% of energy consumption is to lift, move
and treat water.
• At this level of demand energy-water
nexus issues are realized.
Energy and Water Tomorrow
Projected Population Growth
Electricity Consumption
( billion kWh)
6000
Projected Growth in Electric
Power Generation
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10
20
20
20
30
70 million more people by 2030
Projected Growth in non-Ag
Water Consumption
Year
Source: EIA 2004
Electric Power Generation Cooling
Options
Once-Through Cooling
Closed-Loop (Evaporative) Cooling
~480 gal/MWh
Steam
Condenser
Increased River
Evaporation
Water
Vapor
Steam
Cooling
Tower
Condensate
Condenser
Condensate
20,000-50,000
gal/MWh
~300 gal/MWh
River
Dry-Cooled Power Plant
Pump
Blowdown
Freshwater
Supply
500-600 gal/MWh
National Withdrawals/Consumption
Thermoelectric Water Use
MGD
250000
230000
Base Mix
Current
210000
No New Once Through
190000
No New or Retro Once
Through
170000
150000
04 0 08 0 12 0 16 0 20 0 24 0 28
20
2
2
2
2
2
2
Year
Thermoelectric Water Consumption
5000
Base
Current Mix
4500
No New Once Through
4000
No New or Retro Once
Through
3500
3000
20
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
20
22
20
25
20
28
MDG
5500
Year
• Current mix has the
highest water use, 236.1
BGD in 2030 and lowest
water consumption, 4.3
BGD.
• Recirculating cooling
towers in all new
construction and
recommissioned plants
has the lowest water use,
184.8 BGD but highest
consumption,5.0BGD.
Electric Power Water Demand
Plant-type
Cooling
Process
Water Use Intensity (gal/MWhe)
Other Usesb
Steam Condensinga
Withdrawal
Consumption
Dry
20,000–50,000
300–600
0
25,000–60,000
500–1,100
0
7,500–20,000
~230
0
~200-300
300–480
0
~400
400–720
0
100
~180
0
Closed-loop
200
170
150c,e
Dry
0
0
150c,e
Geothermal
Steamf
Closed-loop
2000
1350
NA
Concentrating
Solarg,h
Closed-loop
Dry
900
10
900
10
10
10
Wind and Solar
Photovoltaicsj
N/A
0
0
1-2
Fossil/ biomass
steam turbinec
Nuclear
steam turbinec
Natural Gas
Combined-Cyclec
Coal Integrated
Gasification
Combined-Cyclec
Open-loop
Closed-loop
Dry
Open-loop
Closed-loop
Dry
Open-loop
Closed-loop
Consumption
~30-90d,i
~30d
10e
Carbon sequestration for fossil energy generation
Fossil or biomassk
All
~90% increase in water withdrawal and consumption
National Withdrawals/Consumption
•
Thermoelectric Water Use
200000
MGD
Base
RPS
Pro Nuc
GDP
•
20
28
20
25
20
22
20
19
20
16
20
13
20
10
20
07
20
04
175000
•
Year
Thermoelectric Water Consumption
5500
MGD
5000
Base
4500
RPS
4000
Pro Nuc
GDP
3500
3000
04
20
07
20
10
20
13
20
16
20
19
20
Year
22
20
25
20
28
20
The GDP case (increase
of 6% in electricity
demand) yields the
highest water
consumption at 5.2 BGD.
RPS case yields the
least at 4.6 BGD.
Shift toward a richer
renewables mix is
capable of reducing
overall thermoelectric
water consumption by
5% in 2030, or 23% in
terms of total post 2004
water consumption.
Projected Increase in Thermoelectric
Water Consumption 2004-2030
MGD
Exploring the Nexus
Ratio of Sustainable Recharge to Groundwater Pumping: 2004
Supply
GW Pumping
1-2
2-10
>10
Future Siting at Risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to groundwater stress
MGD
• 77 MGD consumption at risk
Exploring the Nexus
Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Total Water Consumption:2004
Supply
Consumption
1-2
2-10
>10
Future Siting at Risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to surface water stress
MGD
• 180 MGD consumption at risk
Exploring the Nexus
Ratio of 5th Percentile Stream Flow (Low Flow) to Total Water Consumption: 2004
Supply
Consumption
1-2
2-10
>10
Future Siting at Risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to drought stress
MGD
• 1316 MGD consumption at risk
Impact of Carbon Capture and
Sequestration on Water
Consumption
9000.00
No CCS Base
7000.00
6000.00
Full CCS
5000.00
50% CCS
4000.00
3000.00
Full CCS w/Gas IGCC
2000.00
1000.00
Full CCS w/Gas IGCC
RPS
2032
2028
2024
2020
2016
2012
2008
0.00
2004
Million Gallons per Day
8000.00
Future Siting at Risk
Future thermoelectric consumption in watersheds prone to drought stress
MGD
• 2224 MGD consumption at risk
Environmental Controls
Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Environmental Flow Requirements: 2004
Mean Flow
Env. Flow
<1
1-1.25
>1.25
Institutional Controls
Status
of
Native
Special
Compact
Adjudications
American
Nations
Administration
Basins
Unadjudicated
NoNormal
Nations
Admin.
No Compact
Adjudication
10Special
Nations in
Interstate
Progress
Restrictions
Compact
Adjudicated
Projected Increase in Non-Thermoelectric
Water Consumption 2004-2030
MGD
Gas Shale Development
• Water is used in
drilling, completion, and
fracturing
• Up to 3 million gallons
of water is needed per
well
• Water recovery can be
20% to 70%
• Recovered water
quality varies – from
10,000 ppm TDS to
100,000 ppm TDS
• Recovered water is
commonly injected into
deep wells
Water Demand for Transportation Fuels
Oil Shale Development
• Reserves are in areas
of limited water
resources
• Water needed for
retorting, steam
flushing, and cooling up
to 3 gallons per gallon
of fuel
• Concerns over in situ
migration of retort byproducts and impact on
ground water quality
Biofuel Feedstock Impact on
Cropland
2030 land use
37 M acres
cropland as
pasture and idle
cropland
37 M acres nongrazed forest
land
No land use
change for
residues
equals 2006
corn ethanol
acreage
Biofuel Water Consumption 2030
Water Consumption in 2030 (MGD)
Bio Irrigation; 6849; 5%
Irrigation; 106900; 74%
Represents
5.6% of total
United States
consumption
up from 3.7%
in 2007
Bio Conversion; 1240;
0%
Residential/Commercial;
10750; 7%
Industrial; 8462; 6%
Mining; 901; 1%
Thermoelectric; 5083; 4%
Livestock; 3247; 2%
Biofuel Water Demand
Non-traditional Water Resource
Availability
Brackish Aquifers
Oil and Gas Produced Water
Non-traditional Water Requires Energy
Power Requirements For Treating
10
9
Today
The Future
Kwh/m^3
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(Modified from Water Reuse 2007, EPA 2004, Mickley 2003)
Conventional
Treatment
Brackish
NF
Brackish Sea Water
RO
RO
(Einfeld 2007)
• Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per
year
• Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments
• Non-traditional water use is energy intensive
Interconnection Wide Planning
• Assist planners in the Western and Texas
Interconnections to analyze the potential
implications of water stress on
transmission planning.
Project Partners
•
Sandia National Laboratories
–
–
–
–
•
Argonne National Laboratory
–
–
–
•
Gerald Sehlke
Randy Lee
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
–
–
–
•
Jordan Macknick
Robin Newmark
Daniel Inman
Kathleen Hallett
Idaho National Laboratory
–
–
•
Robert Goldstein
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
–
–
–
–
•
John Gasper
John Veil
Tom Veselka
Electric Power Research Institute
–
•
Vincent Tidwell
Len Malczynski
Peter Kobos
Elizabeth Richards
Mark Wigmosta
Richard Skaggs
Ruby Leung
University of Texas
–
–
Michael Webber
Carey King
Contact:
Vincent Tidwell
Sandia National Laboratories
PO Box 5800; MS 0735
Albuquerque, NM 87185
(505)844-6025
[email protected]
More Information at:
www.sandia.gov/mission/energy/arra/
energy-water.html