Transcript the distance-Doppler effect and applications

MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
“distance-Doppler” effect
and applications
v. guruprasad
inspired research
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
contents

discovery

premise

applications

empirical support

status




locating
isolating
synthesis
sample calculation

realizability
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
2
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
ω
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r
3
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
ω
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r
4
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
ω
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
ω1
r1
r
5
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery

frequency scaling effect


generic ~ Doppler
but asymmetric
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
• α ~ at receiver
• r ~ source distance

application classes



r=0
r
locating
isolating
synthesis (& analysis)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
6
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery

frequency scaling effect


generic ~ Doppler
but asymmetric
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
• α ~ at receiver
• r ~ source distance

application classes



locating
isolating
synthesis (& analysis)
2005-10-18
r=0
r
z3
z2
z1
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
7
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery

frequency scaling effect


generic ~ Doppler
but asymmetric
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
• α ~ at receiver
• r ~ source distance

application classes



r=0
locating
isolating
synthesis (& analysis)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r
z
8
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating
ω
ω2
α3
α2
α1
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r2
r
9
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating
ω
ω1
α3
α2
α1
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r1
r
10
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating
 α:




temporal parallax
ω
in frequency domain
receiver-controlled
atan(α) ∈ (- π/2, π/2)
∆ω/ω ≡ z = α r
α3
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
α2
α1
r=0
r
 complementary:


spatial freq.
directional antennae
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
11
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
location verification
 special


case α < 0
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
narrows the spectrum
notch filter to verify r
α3
α2
α1
-α1
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
12
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating applications

fast, precise, monostatic triangulation




“true stealth radar”



half the round-trip delay
simpler, faster computation
infinite range of “parallax angles”
where no phones go!
seeing = ranging
infinite range ~ P ∝ R-2

“reverse-engineered” from astrophysics
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
13
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
your mission,
should you accept it,
is…
F1
2005-10-18
F2
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
14
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
separate the signals
without involving
content or modulation!
F1
2005-10-18
F2
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
15
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
1. spread
α
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
16
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
G2
α
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
2. filter
17
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
G2
α
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
H-1
3. down-scale
18
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
extracted signal:
H-1 G2 H F ≈ F2
G2
α
F3
F
H-1
receiver processing
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
19
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating applications

distance-based selectivity


orthogonal to modulation




~ directional antennae, polarizations
by physics of space
obviates TDM, FDM, CDMA
raises channel capacity to Rayleigh criterion
universal anti-jamming

even noise sources can be isolated out
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
20
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
r1
α1
optional signal
r2
~ F1
μwave
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
α1
r
F2
F1
-α1
r1
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
21
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
r1
α2
optional signal
r2
~ F2
μwave
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
α1
r
F2
F1
-α1
r1
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
22
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
r1
α2
optional signal
r2
~ F3
μwave
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
α1
r
F2
F1
-α1
r2
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
23
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
ω
ω1
ω2
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
F2
α1
F1
-α1
RF
r
μwave source
μwave
optical
tune α
optional signal
r1
tune r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r2
24
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
tune α
optional signal
μwave
H(α)

precise control ~ r

infinite range ~ α

scales up or down


r

and generic

tune r


2005-10-18
+α – up
- α – down
almost any waves
no nonlinear media
no b/w, freq. constraints
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
25
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
analysis
 hi-fi
tune α
UV

RF

down-scaling
even gamma rays
to μ-waves or RF
H(-α)
 nifty
analytical tool
• if realizable
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
26
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis applications

universal wave sources

say using GW microwave sources
• to yield THz, visible, UV or even gamma rays



modulation & coherence with power
without lasing
COTS-realizable



main constraint: source phase spectrum
expect better with non lasing photonic sources
e.g. z = 10 with r = 1 m easily using Terfenol-D
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
27
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
corrected: 2005-11-09
sample calculation
For z = 1 at r = 100 m, we need α = z / r = 1 / 100 m = 0.01 / m
 From theory in paper, α ≡ β / c , where

β = normalized rate of change of grating or sampling intervals

We need β ≡ α c = 0.01 / m * 3x108 m / s = 3x106 / s,
i.e. must vary the intervals by a factor of 3x106 every second!

But (a) variation is exponential,
and (b) can be repeated over smaller intervals.

Same effective β possible over intervals of 1 ns ≡ 1x10-9 s using
e3E6 *1E-9 ≈ 1.0030045

Max. change possible with Terfenol-D :1.008 – 1.012
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
28
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
premise
1. wave speed independent of frequency
•
exceptions: dispersive media
•
realm of current research with phase & group velocities
2. sources of nonzero spectral spread
•
likely exceptions: CW carriers, lasers
3. spectral decomposition is receiver’s choice
•
exposes: usual Fourier assumptions
•
2005-10-18
notably in quantum mechanics
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
29
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
receiver’s choice

spectral analysis or selection requires summing



summing is macroscopic
receiver can change during summing
general case is NOT Fourier decomposition


Fourier <=> absolutely zero change
zero change cannot be verified except by distant sources
• error is Hubble’s law frequency shifts

overlooked in


all signal processing, spectrometry, even wavelets
all of astronomy & quantum physics
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
30
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
diffractive summing
detector element
static grating
corresponding to
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
time = t1
31
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
diffractive summing
detector element
static grating
corresponding to
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
time = t2
32
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
diffractive summing
detector element
static grating
corresponding to
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
time = t3
33
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
instantaneous sum
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
34
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
n λ = l sin θ
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
35
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
n λ = l sin θ
n dλ = dl sin θ
--- --dt dt
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
36
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
n λ = l sin θ
n dλ = dl sin θ
--- --dt dt
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
1 dλ = 1 dl = -β
-- --- -- --λ dt l dt
37
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
time-varying receiver states
t1
t2
t3
changing receiver selection state...
time
2005-10-18
...stationary in an expanding or shrinking reference frame
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
38
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
traditional receiver basis

spectral window
receiver states
applied states
receiver ~ spectral window of representative states



incoming signal
a state = a Fourier component mode that can be excited
a state = mode observed if excited
observation by a dot-product with states

as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)
• dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
39
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
traditional receiver basis
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
incoming signal
(inverted)

receiver ~ spectral window of representative states



a state = a Fourier component mode that can be excited
a state = mode observed if excited
observation by a dot-product with states

as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)
• dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
40
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
evolving receiver basis
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
incoming signal
time

when receiver window itself slides

relative to world frequency frame
• incoming sinusoids appear expanding
• own states appear steady
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
41
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
evolving receiver basis
incoming signal
applied states
time
spectral window
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
incoming waves
?
time

when receiver window itself slides

relative to world frequency frame
• incoming sinusoids appear expanding
• own states appear steady

receiver states shorten in world frame
• all states ~ same function (exponential λ) ~ in world frame
• position in window identifies state
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
42
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral window
evolving receiver basis

received component
Dot-product selects time-varying world wave


receiver states ~ exponential-λ in world frame
dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product
• vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)
• maximum for similar wave of same starting λ
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
43
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral window
evolving receiver basis

received component
Dot-product selects time-varying world wave


receiver states ~ exponential-λ in world frame
dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product
• vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)
• maximum for similar wave of same starting λ
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
44
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral window
evolving receiver basis

received component
Dot-product selects time-varying world wave


receiver states ~ exponential-λ in world frame
dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product
• vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)
• maximum for similar wave of same starting λ
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
45
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
evolving receiver basis
incoming signal
applied states
time
spectral window
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
selected waves
time

when receiver window itself slides


selected wave components bear distance


selects exponential-λ wave components from world
λ ∝ r or λ ∝ r -1
already well known in cosmology, thanks to…
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
46
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
Leonard Parker

Ph.D. thesis, Yale, ca. 1966



particle wavefunctions in an expanding universe
leonard @ uwm . edu
But what do these eigenfunctions REALLY represent?

in their present incarnation as receiver states ?
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
47
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients

Green’s function theory




source = collection of radiating points
each radiating point ~ delta function
delta ~ same starting phases
consider their wave-vectors
slopes ∝ distance
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
48
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
49
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
k ∆r ~ holography, SAR,
interferometry
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
50
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
∆φ = r ∆k
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
51
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
∆φ = r ∆k
∆ω = dφ/dt = r dk/dt
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
52
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
∆φ = r ∆k
∆ω = dφ/dt = r dk/dt
z ≡ ∆ω/ω = β r / c = α r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
53
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients

signal part propagates envelope


so the slopes should be moving
but it averages out !
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
z ≡ ∆ω/ω = β r / c = α r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
54
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
receiver’s choice (revisited)

To summarize, the receiver states



are macroscopic
therefore more than likely non stationary
in general, select “Parker components”
• having (source distance ~ frequency) correlation

Parker selections



in absence of dispersion, ~ phase gradients
fully classical, macroscopic, mundane
Represent space-part only


static modes of source ~ Planck’s quantization
eliminates travelling pure-tones problem
• of photoelectric theory
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
55
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)

Hubble redshifts & “acceleration”


predicted in 1995-1996 within IBM
mundane resolution of 95% of estimated universe
• in terms of the “baryonic” 5%

“Pioneer anomaly”



2/3rd of lunar recession


also anticipated months before NASA disclosure
only explanation accounting for all “features”
finally resolves oceanic friction mismatch
geological & fossil data, GPS stations data

finally resolves “expanding earth” mystery
all from the uncorrected
natural plasticity of solids under
tidal + (gravitational, centrifugal) stresses
empirical support
no contradictory observations on any scale
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
56
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
e.g. calibration in astronomy…
 calibration



colours, redshifts known from ground
uses multiple referents
adjusts slope & curvature
 assumes

uses distant sources
relativistic redshift formula
non linear in r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
57
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
and its subtle fallacy

redshifts are not non linear

pointed out by Alan Sandage among others
• linearity holds Local Group to SNe Ia
• Pioneer anomaly fits linearly (several authors)

linearity ≡ acceleration in relativistic view
• known by “flatness”, “quiescence”, etc. problems

linearity => only slope is independent!


calibration copies in ground based value of H0
questions high convergence in H0 lately
• even without my theory
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
58
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
results
 as


Refined hunch of “receiver’s choice”
Matlab (Octave) validation with .wav files
 as


of 2001.9.11
of IEEE WCNC (March) 2005
precise identification of mechanism (2004)
Java simulator – signal isolation
• online examples ~ including FM
• unjamming total destructive interference (demo’d)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
59
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
new work

accuracy & capability calculations


differential resolution (paper)
major simplification



reduced to macroscopic bulk property
robust cascading
easier to implement, incorporate, test

synthesis applications theory

broad US & PCT patents filed
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
60
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
current efforts

seeking funding, collaboration, early licensing



for prototypes
for tests
seeking independent validations

especially since this is “new physics”
• (& puts 95% of our universe at risk!)

still dark in the tunnel...

all thought & no real test!
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
61
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
acknowledgements

Bruce G. Elmegreen, IBM Research



guidance in astrophysics research
early reviews & pointers, test ideas
prompted “prediction” of Pioneer anomaly
• 2 months before NASA/JPL publication

Paul S. Wesson

privately confirming status of “expanding earth”
• (MS thesis, under Sir Jeffreys)

S. Eugene Poteat, President AFIO,

for mandating this paper & presentation...
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
62