the distance-Doppler effect and applications
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Transcript the distance-Doppler effect and applications
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
“distance-Doppler” effect
and applications
v. guruprasad
inspired research
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
contents
discovery
premise
applications
empirical support
status
locating
isolating
synthesis
sample calculation
realizability
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
2
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
ω
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r
3
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
ω
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r
4
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
ω
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
ω1
r1
r
5
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
frequency scaling effect
generic ~ Doppler
but asymmetric
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
• α ~ at receiver
• r ~ source distance
application classes
r=0
r
locating
isolating
synthesis (& analysis)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
6
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
frequency scaling effect
generic ~ Doppler
but asymmetric
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
• α ~ at receiver
• r ~ source distance
application classes
locating
isolating
synthesis (& analysis)
2005-10-18
r=0
r
z3
z2
z1
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
7
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
discovery
frequency scaling effect
generic ~ Doppler
but asymmetric
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
• α ~ at receiver
• r ~ source distance
application classes
r=0
locating
isolating
synthesis (& analysis)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r
z
8
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating
ω
ω2
α3
α2
α1
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r2
r
9
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating
ω
ω1
α3
α2
α1
r=0
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r1
r
10
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating
α:
temporal parallax
ω
in frequency domain
receiver-controlled
atan(α) ∈ (- π/2, π/2)
∆ω/ω ≡ z = α r
α3
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
α2
α1
r=0
r
complementary:
spatial freq.
directional antennae
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
11
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
location verification
special
case α < 0
ω
ω1
ω2
r1
r2
narrows the spectrum
notch filter to verify r
α3
α2
α1
-α1
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
12
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
locating applications
fast, precise, monostatic triangulation
“true stealth radar”
half the round-trip delay
simpler, faster computation
infinite range of “parallax angles”
where no phones go!
seeing = ranging
infinite range ~ P ∝ R-2
“reverse-engineered” from astrophysics
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
13
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
your mission,
should you accept it,
is…
F1
2005-10-18
F2
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
14
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
separate the signals
without involving
content or modulation!
F1
2005-10-18
F2
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
15
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
1. spread
α
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
16
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
G2
α
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
2. filter
17
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
G2
α
F3
F
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
H-1
3. down-scale
18
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating
“co-channel” sources
at different distances
received signal:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F3
H
α
α
F1
2005-10-18
F2
extracted signal:
H-1 G2 H F ≈ F2
G2
α
F3
F
H-1
receiver processing
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
19
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
isolating applications
distance-based selectivity
orthogonal to modulation
~ directional antennae, polarizations
by physics of space
obviates TDM, FDM, CDMA
raises channel capacity to Rayleigh criterion
universal anti-jamming
even noise sources can be isolated out
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
20
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
r1
α1
optional signal
r2
~ F1
μwave
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
α1
r
F2
F1
-α1
r1
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
21
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
r1
α2
optional signal
r2
~ F2
μwave
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
α1
r
F2
F1
-α1
r1
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
22
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
r1
α2
optional signal
r2
~ F3
μwave
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
α1
r
F2
F1
-α1
r2
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
23
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
ω
ω1
ω2
H(α)
F0
F3
α3
α2
F2
α1
F1
-α1
RF
r
μwave source
μwave
optical
tune α
optional signal
r1
tune r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
r2
24
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis
tune α
optional signal
μwave
H(α)
precise control ~ r
infinite range ~ α
scales up or down
r
and generic
tune r
2005-10-18
+α – up
- α – down
almost any waves
no nonlinear media
no b/w, freq. constraints
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
25
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
analysis
hi-fi
tune α
UV
RF
down-scaling
even gamma rays
to μ-waves or RF
H(-α)
nifty
analytical tool
• if realizable
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
26
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
synthesis applications
universal wave sources
say using GW microwave sources
• to yield THz, visible, UV or even gamma rays
modulation & coherence with power
without lasing
COTS-realizable
main constraint: source phase spectrum
expect better with non lasing photonic sources
e.g. z = 10 with r = 1 m easily using Terfenol-D
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
27
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
corrected: 2005-11-09
sample calculation
For z = 1 at r = 100 m, we need α = z / r = 1 / 100 m = 0.01 / m
From theory in paper, α ≡ β / c , where
β = normalized rate of change of grating or sampling intervals
We need β ≡ α c = 0.01 / m * 3x108 m / s = 3x106 / s,
i.e. must vary the intervals by a factor of 3x106 every second!
But (a) variation is exponential,
and (b) can be repeated over smaller intervals.
Same effective β possible over intervals of 1 ns ≡ 1x10-9 s using
e3E6 *1E-9 ≈ 1.0030045
Max. change possible with Terfenol-D :1.008 – 1.012
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
28
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
premise
1. wave speed independent of frequency
•
exceptions: dispersive media
•
realm of current research with phase & group velocities
2. sources of nonzero spectral spread
•
likely exceptions: CW carriers, lasers
3. spectral decomposition is receiver’s choice
•
exposes: usual Fourier assumptions
•
2005-10-18
notably in quantum mechanics
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
29
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
receiver’s choice
spectral analysis or selection requires summing
summing is macroscopic
receiver can change during summing
general case is NOT Fourier decomposition
Fourier <=> absolutely zero change
zero change cannot be verified except by distant sources
• error is Hubble’s law frequency shifts
overlooked in
all signal processing, spectrometry, even wavelets
all of astronomy & quantum physics
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
30
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
diffractive summing
detector element
static grating
corresponding to
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
time = t1
31
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
diffractive summing
detector element
static grating
corresponding to
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
time = t2
32
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
diffractive summing
detector element
static grating
corresponding to
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
time = t3
33
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
instantaneous sum
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
34
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
n λ = l sin θ
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
35
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
n λ = l sin θ
n dλ = dl sin θ
--- --dt dt
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
36
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
summing by unsteady receiver
younger rays (from t3)
detector element
n λ = l sin θ
n dλ = dl sin θ
--- --dt dt
older rays (from t1)
grating
lens
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
focal plane
θ
1 dλ = 1 dl = -β
-- --- -- --λ dt l dt
37
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
time-varying receiver states
t1
t2
t3
changing receiver selection state...
time
2005-10-18
...stationary in an expanding or shrinking reference frame
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
38
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
traditional receiver basis
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
receiver ~ spectral window of representative states
incoming signal
a state = a Fourier component mode that can be excited
a state = mode observed if excited
observation by a dot-product with states
as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)
• dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
39
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
traditional receiver basis
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
incoming signal
(inverted)
receiver ~ spectral window of representative states
a state = a Fourier component mode that can be excited
a state = mode observed if excited
observation by a dot-product with states
as if the states were flowing into the receiver (left)
• dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product (right)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
40
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
evolving receiver basis
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
incoming signal
time
when receiver window itself slides
relative to world frequency frame
• incoming sinusoids appear expanding
• own states appear steady
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
41
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
evolving receiver basis
incoming signal
applied states
time
spectral window
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
incoming waves
?
time
when receiver window itself slides
relative to world frequency frame
• incoming sinusoids appear expanding
• own states appear steady
receiver states shorten in world frame
• all states ~ same function (exponential λ) ~ in world frame
• position in window identifies state
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
42
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral window
evolving receiver basis
received component
Dot-product selects time-varying world wave
receiver states ~ exponential-λ in world frame
dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product
• vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)
• maximum for similar wave of same starting λ
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
43
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral window
evolving receiver basis
received component
Dot-product selects time-varying world wave
receiver states ~ exponential-λ in world frame
dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product
• vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)
• maximum for similar wave of same starting λ
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
44
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral window
evolving receiver basis
received component
Dot-product selects time-varying world wave
receiver states ~ exponential-λ in world frame
dot-product ≡ instant-by-instant product
• vanishes for sinusoid (broken line)
• maximum for similar wave of same starting λ
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
45
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
evolving receiver basis
incoming signal
applied states
time
spectral window
spectral window
receiver states
applied states
selected waves
time
when receiver window itself slides
selected wave components bear distance
selects exponential-λ wave components from world
λ ∝ r or λ ∝ r -1
already well known in cosmology, thanks to…
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
46
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
Leonard Parker
Ph.D. thesis, Yale, ca. 1966
particle wavefunctions in an expanding universe
leonard @ uwm . edu
But what do these eigenfunctions REALLY represent?
in their present incarnation as receiver states ?
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
47
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
Green’s function theory
source = collection of radiating points
each radiating point ~ delta function
delta ~ same starting phases
consider their wave-vectors
slopes ∝ distance
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
48
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
49
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
k ∆r ~ holography, SAR,
interferometry
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
50
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
∆φ = r ∆k
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
51
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
∆φ = r ∆k
∆ω = dφ/dt = r dk/dt
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
52
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
∆φ = r ∆k
∆ω = dφ/dt = r dk/dt
z ≡ ∆ω/ω = β r / c = α r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
53
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
spectral phase gradients
signal part propagates envelope
so the slopes should be moving
but it averages out !
space part
signal part
∆φ = ∆(k r
– ω t)
= r ∆k + k ∆r – ∆(ω t)
z ≡ ∆ω/ω = β r / c = α r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
54
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
receiver’s choice (revisited)
To summarize, the receiver states
are macroscopic
therefore more than likely non stationary
in general, select “Parker components”
• having (source distance ~ frequency) correlation
Parker selections
in absence of dispersion, ~ phase gradients
fully classical, macroscopic, mundane
Represent space-part only
static modes of source ~ Planck’s quantization
eliminates travelling pure-tones problem
• of photoelectric theory
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
55
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
Hubble redshifts & “acceleration”
predicted in 1995-1996 within IBM
mundane resolution of 95% of estimated universe
• in terms of the “baryonic” 5%
“Pioneer anomaly”
2/3rd of lunar recession
also anticipated months before NASA disclosure
only explanation accounting for all “features”
finally resolves oceanic friction mismatch
geological & fossil data, GPS stations data
finally resolves “expanding earth” mystery
all from the uncorrected
natural plasticity of solids under
tidal + (gravitational, centrifugal) stresses
empirical support
no contradictory observations on any scale
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
56
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
e.g. calibration in astronomy…
calibration
colours, redshifts known from ground
uses multiple referents
adjusts slope & curvature
assumes
uses distant sources
relativistic redshift formula
non linear in r
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
57
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
and its subtle fallacy
redshifts are not non linear
pointed out by Alan Sandage among others
• linearity holds Local Group to SNe Ia
• Pioneer anomaly fits linearly (several authors)
linearity ≡ acceleration in relativistic view
• known by “flatness”, “quiescence”, etc. problems
linearity => only slope is independent!
calibration copies in ground based value of H0
questions high convergence in H0 lately
• even without my theory
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
58
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
results
as
Refined hunch of “receiver’s choice”
Matlab (Octave) validation with .wav files
as
of 2001.9.11
of IEEE WCNC (March) 2005
precise identification of mechanism (2004)
Java simulator – signal isolation
• online examples ~ including FM
• unjamming total destructive interference (demo’d)
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
59
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
new work
accuracy & capability calculations
differential resolution (paper)
major simplification
reduced to macroscopic bulk property
robust cascading
easier to implement, incorporate, test
synthesis applications theory
broad US & PCT patents filed
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
60
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
current efforts
seeking funding, collaboration, early licensing
for prototypes
for tests
seeking independent validations
especially since this is “new physics”
• (& puts 95% of our universe at risk!)
still dark in the tunnel...
all thought & no real test!
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
61
MILCOM 2005 (SIGINT US-only)
acknowledgements
Bruce G. Elmegreen, IBM Research
guidance in astrophysics research
early reviews & pointers, test ideas
prompted “prediction” of Pioneer anomaly
• 2 months before NASA/JPL publication
Paul S. Wesson
privately confirming status of “expanding earth”
• (MS thesis, under Sir Jeffreys)
S. Eugene Poteat, President AFIO,
for mandating this paper & presentation...
2005-10-18
(c) 2005 V. Guruprasad. All rights reserved.
62