Transcript Mobile Networking & Comm Infratructures

ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499
Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps
Mobile Networking & Communication
Infrastructures
Lecture 2
Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor
Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology
Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
January 16, 2007
1
Mobile Networking & Communication
Infrastructures

Wireless Mobile Networking: An Introduction
• Infrastructure Network Topology
• Ad Hoc Network Topology

Mobile Communication Infrastructures
•
•
•
•
•
1G
2G
2.5G
3G
Bluetooth, IrDA, IrFM, OMA (Open Mobile Alliance)
Device Management
January 16, 2007
2
Cellular Phone System
Base
Station
Cell
Phone

Mobile
Switching
Center
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
Base
Station
Mobile
Station
List of Mobile Network Operators,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network
_operators
January 16, 2007
3
Mobile Network Operators

T-Mobile (Germany)
• GMS, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (High
Speed Downlink Packet Access)

Cingular (U.S.)
• GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (TDMA)

Verizon (U.S.)
• CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO (EvolutionData Optimized data standard)

Sprint/Nextel (U.S.)
• CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO, iDEN
(Integrated Digital Enhanced Network)
January 16, 2007
4
Wireless Mobile Networking

Infrastructure Network
Topology
• Fixed infrastructure
with Wide Area
Network coverage
• Mobile ↔ Mobile
devices
• Mobile ↔ Fixed
Computer Node
• Mobile device ↔
Servers
January 16, 2007
Mobile
Device 2
M Antenna
Elements
Mobile
Device 3
Wired
backbone/
Internet
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
Mobile
Switching
Center
Base Station/
Access Hub
Station
Mobile
Device 1
5
Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)

Infrastructure Network
Topology (WAN
Access)
• Fiber-to-the-House,
Cable Modem, DSL,
Dial-up
• Wireless Access
Points/Routers
• Wired Routers
• LAN, WLAN, WiMAX
January 16, 2007
Fiber-to-the House
Cable Modem
DSL
Routers
LAN
AP
Hub
Mainframe/
Databases
`
Server
6
Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)

Ad Hoc Network
Topology
• Single-Hop Peer-toPeer
• Multi-hop Ad Hoc
Network
Multi-hop Ad Hoc Topology
Single Hop Peer-to-Peer
Topology
January 16, 2007
7
Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)





Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Routing Protocols
• RFC2501, RFC3561, RFC3626
• RFC3684
MANET Charter,
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html,
http://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/05mar/manet.html
MANET Internet Drafts,
http://bgp.potaroo.net/ietf/html/ids-wg-manet.html,
http://ietfreport.isoc.org/ids-wg-manet.html
National Institute of Standards, MANET Projects,
http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/manet.html
OPNET – MANET Discrete Event Simulation,
http://www.opnet.com/products/library/MANET.html
January 16, 2007
8

Mobile Communication Infrastructures
Mobile Communication Infrastructures
• 1G Analog FM
• 2G TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access)
• 2.5 G – extend 2G system by adding packetswitched connection



GPRS (General Packet Radio Service; for data
packet service on GSM network)
EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution, up to 384
Kbps)
Support WAP, search, directory services, etc
• 3G
January 16, 2007
9
The Mobile Telephone System

1 G Mobile Phone

• Analog voice
2 Generation Mobile Phone
2.5 G
3G

Reference: Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia,


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPS
January 16, 2007
10
1st Generation Cellular Phone System

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
•
•
•
Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982
Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
ISM 800-MHz band




•
No of Channels




832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers
Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for
voice
Frequency Reuse Factor
•
•

Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849 MHz: 25
MHz band)
Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894 MHz: 25
MHz band)
Voice channel – Frequency modulation (30 kHz)
Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal
Reuse factor 7
1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell
In England – TACS
In Japan – MCS-L1
January 16, 2007
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1st Generation Cellular Phone System

Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982
• Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• ISM 800-MHz band




Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849
MHz: 25 MHz band)
Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894
MHz: 25 MHz band)
Voice channel – 30 kHz subband, Frequency modulation
Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal
• No of Channels



832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers
Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395
channels for voice
Frequency Reuse Factor
• Reuse factor 7
• 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell


In England – TACS
In Japan – MCS-L1
January 16, 2007
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2nd Generation Cellular Telephone System

D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)
• IS-136
• TDMA-FDMA

GMS (Global System for Mobile
Communication)
• TDMA-FDMA

IS-95 CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access)
• CDMA-FDMA
January 16, 2007
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Digital Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(D-AMTS)




Cells – geographic regions
AMPS Cells – 10 to 20 km across
D-AMPS Cells – Smaller
Each cell uses some set of frequencies
not used by any of its neighbors
January 16, 2007
14
D-AMPS

D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)
• Backward compatible with AMPS: FDMA
• IS-54 (Interim standard 54)
• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Acceess)/IS-136


Added to each sub-band
Triple the no. of channels
• ISM 800 MHz band
• 824-849 MHz range: Base station → Cellular phone
(forward channels)
• 869-894 MHz range: Cellular phone →Base station
(reverse channels)
January 16, 2007
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D-AMPS (continue)

Voice Signal Digitization
• Digitizing: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) and
compression
• 3 kHz → PCM Digitized →7.95 kbps digital
voice channel

TDMA
•
•
•
•
1 slot – 7.95 kbps
3 slots: 48.6 kbps digital data: 3 x 7.95 kbps
Combined using TDMA
TDMA Frame [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]
January 16, 2007
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D-AMPS (continue)




Digitized Voice Signal Transmission
• 25 frames per second
• 1944 bits per frame
• Each frame last 40 ms (1/25) and is divided into 6
slots shared by three digital channels: TDMA [ 1 2 3 1
2 3]
• Each channel: 2 slots
• 324 bits per slot: 159 bits digitized voice, 64-bits
control, 101-bits for error correction
QPSK Modulation (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying)
• 48.6 kbps → QPSK Modulation → 30 kHz analog
signal
FDMA
• 25 MHz band, 30 kHz analog signal
Reuse Factor 7
January 16, 2007
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GMS

GMS (Global System for Mobile
Communication)
• Digital mobile telephony system launched in
Finland in 1991
• TDMA, Digitize and compress data
• 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band
• SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module)
• Capture 82.4% of all global mobile connection
• Widely used in Europe and Asia
January 16, 2007
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GMS (continue)

Bands
• 25 MHz band
• 124 Channels of 200 kHz separated by guard bands

Transmission
• Voice channel → Digitize + Compress → 13-kbps
digital signal
• 1 slot = 156.25 bit
• 1 Frame (TDMA) = 8 slots; frame duration 120 ms
• A Multi-frame = 26 frames (TDMA) = 270.8 kbps
• 26 frames = 24 traffic frames + 2 control frames
• 270.8 kbps → GMSK → 200 kHz signal (FDMA)

Reuse Factor 3
January 16, 2007
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IS-95 CDMA



Based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
Wireless Communications, Chapter Network Concepts
and Standards, IS95 CDMA Cellular Telephony,
Springer,
http://www.springerlink.com/content/g12q45656
8245556/
Bands and Channels
•
•
•
•
•
•
Duplex using two bands
ISM 800-MHz or ISM 900-MHz
20 Channels of 1.228 MHz, guard bands
10 channels for each provider
Can be used in parallel with AMPS
1 IS-95 Channel = 41 AMPS channels (41 x 30 kHz = 1.23 MHz)
January 16, 2007
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IS-95 CDMA (cont.)

Base Channel Synchronization
• Base stations use GPS (Global Positioning System)

Forward Transmission (base to mobile)
• 64 Digital Channels (3 kHz each)
• Voice 3 kHz → 9.6 kbps → Error-correcting & repeating bits →
19.2 kbps
• Scrambling signal: ESN (Electronic Serial No of mobile station) +
242 pseudo random chip → Decimator (1 out of 64 bits)
• 64 channels x 64 Walsh code → CDMA
• 1.228 Mcps (Megachips per second) = 19.2 kbps * 64 cps
• QPSK → 1.228 MHz
• 25MHz Band: 20 Channels FDMA
• Channel 0: Pilot Channel, sends [1, 1, 1, 1, …] for bit sync
• Ch 1 – 7: paging, send messages to one or more mobile devices
• Ch 8–31 and 33-63: voice traffic channels
• Ch 32: give info about the system
January 16, 2007
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IS-95 CDMA (cont.)

Reverse Transmission (Mobile to Base)
• 3 kHz Voice → Digitizer → 9.6 kbps → Error
correcting & repetition → 28.8 kbps → 6-symbol
chuck, 0-64, Symbol Modification → 307.2 kbps =
(28.8/6) x 64
• ESN → Long Code Generator 42-bit → 1.228 Mcps
• DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)




94 Channels
62 Traffic channels
32 Base station access control channels
1.28 Mcps → QPSK → 1.228 MHz
• FDMA 20 channel x 1.228 MHz = 25 MHz
January 16, 2007
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IS-95 CDMA (cont.)


Two Data Rate Sets
Frequency Reuse Factor
• Interference from neighboring cells
• Reuse factor 1

Soft Handoff
• Every base station → Pilot channel broadcast
• Enable a mobile station to do a soft handoff
January 16, 2007
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Signal Modulation Techniques

Mobile Communication Infrastructures
• 1G Analog FM (Carrier modulation), FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• 2G TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) + FDMA

Digital Wireless Transmission Techniques
• Impulse transmission


Infrared Pulse Transmission
UWB (Ultra Wideband), impulse radio
• TDMA Cellular
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - Spread
Spectrum
January 16, 2007
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Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)

Analog Modulation
• Frequency Modulation (FM)

Digital Frequency Modulation
• Digital (0, 1) FM – Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)
• GMSK (Guaussian Minimum Shift Keying)



January 16, 2007
FSK modulation with minimal tone distance of
1/2T; T – the duration of transmitted data symbols
Data In → Gaussian Filter → FM modulator
Adopted by GMS
25
Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)

Digital Phase Modulation (PSK)
• B-PSK (Binary Phase Modulation)
• [0, 1] – (cos2π fc t + 0º), (cos2π fc t + 180º)
0
January 16, 2007
1
26
Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)

Digital Phase Modulation (PSK)
•
•
•
•
•
January 16, 2007
QPSK (Quadrature PSK, 4 Phases)
11 – (cos2π fc t + 45º)
01 - (cos2π fc t + 135º)
00 – (cos2π fc t + 225º) or (cos2π fc t -135º)
11 - (cos2π fc t + 315º) or (cos2π fc t - 45º)
01
11
00
10
27
Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)
• π/4-QPSK – adopted
by the North American
TDMA digital cellular
standard, IS-136
• Two identical
constellation – rotated
by 45º or π/4 radians
January 16, 2007
01
01
11
00
11
00
10
10
28
Frequency Reuse Factor 4
4
1
3
2
4
1
4
1
3
2
3
2
January 16, 2007
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Frequency Reuse Factor 7
5
6
4
1
7
5
6
3
2
4
1
7
5
6
3
2
4
1
7
3
2
January 16, 2007
30
SIMO and MIMO Channels

SIMO (Single Input
Multiple Output) Radio
Channel
M Antenna
Elements
• Complex receiver with
adaptive smart antenna
with M antenna elements

MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) Radio
Channel
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
Mobile
Switching
Center
Mobile
Station
Base
Station
• N mobile antenna elements
• M base station antenna
elements
January 16, 2007
31
3rd Generation Technologies

A Combination of Technologies
•
•
•
•
•
Audio and Video
VoIP
Still & Moving Images
Digital Data
UTMS (Unified Mobile Telephone Service)


Enhanced multimedia: movie, images, music
Internet Surfing
Video telephony, Video conferencing
• Always connected infrastructure
January 16, 2007
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3rd Generation Technologies

IMT-2000 (Internet Mobile Communication 2000)
• Voice quality (public telephone network)
• Data rate



144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle
384 kbps for access as the user walks
2 Mbps for stationary user (office or home)
• Support packet-switched and circuit-switched data
services
• 2 GHz band
• 2 MHz Bandwidth
• Interface to Internet
January 16, 2007
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3rd Generation Technologies

IMT-2000 Radio Interface
• IMT-DS (Direct Sequence): CDMA


Wideband spread-spectrum, direct sequence CDMA
Compatible with the CDMA used in IS-95
• IMT-MC (Multi-carrier): CDMA


CDMA 2000
New wideband (15-MHz) Spread Spectrum with narrow band
(1.25 MHz) CDMA of I-95
• IMT-TC (Time Code): CDMA & TDMA
• IMT-SC (Single Carrier): TDMA
• IMT-FT (Frequency time): TDMA & FDMA

CDMA2000
• Code Division Multiple Access
• Pioneered by Qualcomm
January 16, 2007
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