Transcript Internet Routing - Lamar University

Internet Routing
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Terminology
• Forwarding
– Refers to datagram transfer
– Performed by host or router
– Uses routing table
• Routing
– Refers to propagation of routing information
– Performed by routers
– Inserts / changes values in routing table
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Two Forms Of Internet Routing
• Static routing
– Table initialized when system boots
– No further changes
• Automatic routing
– Table initialized when system boots
– Routing software learns routes and updates table
– Continuous changes possible
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Static Routing
• Used by most Internet hosts
• Typical routing table has two entries:
– Local network -> direct delivery
– Default -> nearest router
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Example Of Static Routing
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Automatic Routing
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Used by IP routers
Requires special software
Each router communicates with neighbors
Passes routing information
Uses route propagation protocol
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Example Of Route Propagation
• Each router advertises destinations that lie beyond it
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The Point Of Routing Exchange
• Each router runs routing software that learns
about destinations other routers can reach,
and informs other routers about destinations
that it can reach. The routing software uses
incoming information to update the local
routing table continuously.
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Autonomous System (AS)
• Set of networks and routers under one
administrative authority
• Flexible, soft definition
• Intuition: a single corporation
• Needed because no routing protocol can scale
to entire Internet
• Each AS chooses a routing protocol
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Classifications Of Internet Routing Protocols
• Two broad classes
• Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)
– Used among routers within autonomous system
– Destinations lie within AS
• Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)
– Used among autonomous systems
– Destinations lie throughout Internet
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Illustration Of IGP /EGP Use
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The Concept Of Route And Data Flow
• Each ISP is an autonomous system that uses an
Exterior Gateway Protocol to advertise its
customers’ networks to other ISPs. After an ISP
advertises destination, D, datagrams destined for D
can begin to arrive.
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Specific Internet Routing Protocols
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF)
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• Provides routing among autonomous systems
(EGP)
• Polices to control routes advertised
• Uses reliable transport (TCP)
• Gives path of autonomous systems for each
destination
• Currently, the EGP of choice in the Internet
• Current version is four (BGP-4)
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The Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Routing within an autonomous system (IGP)
• Hop count metric
– Measure distance in network hops
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Unreliable transport (uses UDP)
Broadcast or multicast delivery
Distance vector algorithm
Can propagate a default route
Implemented by Unix program routed
Each entry in the advertisement consists of:
(destination network, distance)
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Illustration Of RIP Packet Format
Format for Version 2
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The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF)
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Routing within an autonomous system (IGP)
Full CIDR and subnet support
Authenticated message exchange
Allows routes to be imported from outside the
autonomous system
• Uses link-status (SPF) algorithm
• Support for multi-access networks (e.g.,
Ethernet)
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OSPF Areas And Efficiency
• Allows subdivision of AS into areas
• Link-status information propagated within area
• Routes summarized before being propagated to
another area
• Reduces overhead (less broadcast traffic)
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Link-Status In The Internet
• Router corresponds to node in graph
• Network corresponds to edge
• Adjacent pair of routers periodically
– Test connectivity
– Broadcast link-status information to area
• Each router uses link-status messages to
compute shortest paths
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Illustration Of Simplified OSPF Graph
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(a) An interconnect of routers and networks
(b) An equivalent OSPF graph
Router corresponds to a node in the graph
In practice OSPF is more complex than shown
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OSPF And Scale
• Because it allows a manager to partition the
routers and networks in an autonomous system
into multiple areas, OSPF can scale to handle
a much larger number of routers than other
IGPs.
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Summary
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Static routing used by hosts
Routers require automatic routing
Internet divided into autonomous systems
Two broad classes of routing protocols
– Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) provide routing
within an autonomous system
– Exterior gateway Protocols (EGPs) provide routing
among autonomous systems
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Summary (continued)
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is current
EGP used in Internet
• Interior Gateway Protocols include:
– Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
– Open Shortest Path First protocol (OSPF)
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