Transcript Diapositive 1
Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe : Perspectives for R & D Co-operation Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004
«New paths for Photovoltaics»
Pr. Jean-Bernard SAULNIER, vice Scientific Director , Department of Engineering Sciences (SPI), CNRS, PARIS J.C. Muller ; CNRS-PHASE laboratory
Summary
PV : a need for research ?
The main keys:
Efficiency, cost
Hierarchic perspectives :
Short, mean and long term
An overview of CNRS research forces
Great variety of applications
From space to terrestrial use Off grid Telecom Lightning Pumps, refrigerators Building Consumers products Grid connected (distributed, centralized)
Source : PV Energy Syst.Fev. 2002
World production of modules
~ 500 MW (2002), ~ 34% /year => 1 GW ~ 2005
Driven
PV roofs:
Japan 70 000 Germany 100 000 France 10 000
Source : PV News, feb/ may 2003
Non uniform market (MW)
Si Germany France Japan USA World (IEA) Global inst. 2002 / year : 2002 280 83 Global inst. 2010 Europe 3000 17 212 636 3 44 184 4800 3000 1300 340
Off grid : France Grid connected : Germany, Japan
4-6 €/ W installed 30-50 c € / kWh 3 c € /kWh nuclear
Technologies
Bulk Crystalline Silicon : 85% Thin films : 15%
Amorphous Si… Chalcogenides
Organic Quantum cells Systems
Evolution of technologies : efficiencies
A. Goetzberger & J. Luther, FhG-ISE (DE)
1 st : Bulk Si : sc/mc-Si (85%) 2 nd : thin film : Si ribbon (3%) a-Si (4 %), CIS (1 %), c-Si & organic 3 rd : new. materials
Which issues for these technologies ?
Bulk-Si Modules & Systems
4-6 €
/
Wc and 30-50 c€
/
kWh Reduce : Cost/ Efficiency
Reduce impact of raw material Improve the management of integrated systems in grids & and in buildings
Thin films
Industrial Development
Faster processes & larger surfaces Efficiencies 12 à 15 % (modules)
Materials & concepts for future
Improve stability (ex :organic 3% < 500 h)
Short Term Prospective: < 5 years Crystalline bulk Silicon
Decrease impact of raw material:
Purification of metallurgical Si : plasma processes
Thinner wafers or ribbons(30-150 µm)
New electro-chemical sawing processes:less losses
Projects: ADEME-PW-CEA -CNRS Reducop et Sinergies
Grid Integration of multi-sources
Smart converters, storage, securized
Systems
Multi-cristalline Silicon : mc-Si
Projects:
Objectives:
Reducop
18% -
&
20%
Sinergies
et 0,8 1,0 (ADEME-PW-CEA-CNRS : 2004-2007) € / W UNSW CNRS Photowatt Progresses: program PV16 ADEME/CNRS PHOTOWATT 1999-2003 16%, 2
€
/W
Source : GIT (USA) 2000
Mean Term Prospective : mean term
5 to 15 years
Industrial Development of thin films
Fast processes, higher efficiency and larger surfaces
Si crystalline
large grains / transfer of crystalline-Si
Amorphous/pm/µc-Si
transfer pm-Si to industry (FEE, SOLEMS, UNAXIS)
new tandem Si/SiGe and Si/µcSi cells
hetero-structures (HIT)
Chalcogenides (CIS)
2 ways: electro-chemical (CISEL project ) and dry processes
towards modules (30X30cm)
Alternative thin films: CIS Heterojunctions with polycrystalline thin films
«Crystalline Si performances for the price of amorphous » •
Co-evaporation: Dry technology, exploration of new compounds
•
Electro-deposition: CISEL Project (CNRS-EDF-St Gobain)
Photons Contact Contact + ZnO CuInSe 2 CdS Molybdène Verre
Source : P. Roca, LPICM Ecole Polytechnique Source : J.F. Guillemoles, LECA
Long Term Prospective : (> 15 years)
Potentialities of new materials and of new concepts
Organic Materials : New Project (2002)
increase stability (500 h)
Identification of materials : co-polymers, new molecules, fullerens dérivative, pigments
Active layers : imbricated networks, liquid crystals
T he point with interfaces in the cells
Organic Composites
Polymers : present situation:
h =
3.5 % ( Un. Linz Austria)
h (400 nm) ITO Glass substrate Al
Dérivate from fulleren C 60
Wire to ITO C 12 H 25 O C 12 H 25 O Wire to metal electrode Me N
France JM NUNZI: 2.9 %
Long term Prospective : (> 15 yearss)
New materials and concepts (foll.)
New tandem structures : luminescence & multi-photons conversion
composite materials : modified host matrix by adding nano-cristallites ( Si,Ge), nano-particules matrix and species: mineral or organic
======= Power Components
power conversion integration within the cell
3rd Génération Cells Concepts to explore :
•
Structure « hot carriers » : UV
• •
luminescence multi-photons nano-particules: minéral (Si, Ge, …) or organic
M convertisseur SC •
Structure « strong absorption » IR quantum dots, …
M SC QD SC
Priorities PHOTOVOLTAICS
Priority I: Basic Research on nano-structured materials for inter-conversion of photons :
mineral/organic nanocristallites CEA PI « Full-spectrum » FP 6: accepted
Priority II: Mastering interfaces in hetero-structures in thin films(Si, CIS, organic) ==> high efficiency + low cost
CIS team PI FP 6: complementary list
Priority III: Ultimate Technologies for thin cristalline silicon wafers ==> low cost
PHOTOWATT & CNRS-PHASE PI « Crystal-clear » FP 6 : accepted
Platforms
PHOTOVOLTAIQUE
•
« RESTORE » national project 4-5 ans « Sinergies » (> 5x5 cm 2 ): ADEME-CEA-CNRS (PHOTOWATT) => transfer of process to industry
•
Platform CIS : « CISEL » project (CNRS-EDF-St GOBAIN) From the lab module => to industrial concept
•
Research Platform : composite and nanostructured materials « Process PV » => laboratory demonstrators < cm2 (Strasbourg) A new Solar Institute CNRS / CEA in Chambéry
: INES
Implantation Map CNRS : 80 seniors 1ère génération Région Grenobloise: «Sinergies » 2ème génération Région Parisienne: « CISEL » 3ème génération Région Alsace: « Process PV »
Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe : Perspectives for R & D Co-operation Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 «New paths for Photovoltaics»
Pr. Jean-Bernard SAULNIER, vice Scientific Director , Department of Engineering Sciences (SPI), CNRS, PARIS J.C. Muller ; CNRS-PHASE laboratory
World production of modules
~ 500 MW (2002), ~ 34% /year => 1 GW ~ 2005
Driven
PV roofs:
Japan 70 000 Germany 100 000 France 10 000
Source : PV Energy Syst.Fev. 2002
Production verticalement intégrée
Lingot cristallisé 240 Kg Découpe des briques Découpe des wafers (sciage à fil) Fabrication des cellules Assemblage des modules
Matériaux Semi-conducteurs pour le photovoltaïque
Cellule tandem à base de CuGaSe 2 /CuInSe 2
Si cristallin en couches minces
Contact p
p-Si
Emetteur n+ substrat p+ Si
Source : A. Slaoui, CNRS-PHASE
•
Substrats céramiques
:
mullite, SiSiC, SiN
•
Grands grains
- cristallisation induite par métaux - dépôts sur surface liquide - transfert de sc-Si