Transcript ｽﾗｲﾄﾞ ﾀｲﾄﾙなし - Nuclear Energy Agency

Security Issues of Electric
Power Supply in Japan
May 2005
Hiroshi Iwano
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE),
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI),
JAPAN
Ⅰ. Introduction
Ⅱ. Energy Supply Structure and Portfolio
of Power Supply Sources
Ⅲ. Transmission and Distribution System
and the Governance of the System
Ⅳ. The Next Stage for the Establishment of Flexible and Robust Energy
Supply System
2
Ⅰ. Introduction
1. Overview of the Japanese Electric Industry
2. The Breakdown of Primary Energy Supply &
Electric Power Sources
3. The Current Balance of Electric Demand and
Supply in Japan
4. Introduction of the Bidding System for
wholesale Supply
5. Partial Liberalization of Retail Supply
6. Recent Regulatory Reforms in Japan
7. The principle of the Regulatory Reform
Ⅱ. Energy Supply Structure and Portfolio of Power Supply Sources
Ⅲ. Transmission and Distribution System and the Governance of the System
Ⅳ. The Next Stage for the Establishment of Flexible and Robust Energy
Supply System
3
1. Overview of the Japanese
Electric Industry
 10 General Power Utilities (GPUs), vertically-integrated
generation, transmission and distribution segments, with
their franchised areas under public service obligation.
Alternating Current
 Japanese network system does not
form mesh network,
Direct Current
and interconnection capabilities between GPUs are
sometimes said to be weak.
Hokkaido
5.0GW
 Japanese network is isolated with no international
connection.
 Scarce indigenous resources brings about
independence on imported energy resources.
0.6GW
50 Hz
60 Hz
heavy
Tohoku
Hokuriku
15GW
5.4GW
0.6GW
0.3GW
2.8GW
5GW
1.3GW
Chugoku
Alternating Current
Direct Current
4GW
1.3GW
12GW
Kyushu
0.3GW
2.5GW
0.6GW
17GW
Kansai
30GW
Tokyo
26GW
62GW
1GW
Shikoku
Okinawa
1.5GW
Chubu
5.7GW
1.2GW
1.4GW
0.9GW
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2. The Breakdown of Primary Energy
Supply & Electric Power Sources
（図１）
Trends一次エネルギー総供給シェアの推移
for Primary Energy Supply
100%
80%
5%
1%
2%
15%
2%
6%
4%
5%
7%
9%
14%
3%
10%
60%
14%
Hydro,
再生可能・
Renewable
新エネルギー等
Nuclear
原子力
80%
20%
Natural Gas
天然ガス
60%
12%
3%
40%
76%
100%
6%
16%
4%
69%
54%
20%
（図２） for
発電電力量シェアの推移（電気事業用）
Trends
Electric Power Sources of GPU
Coal
石炭
47%
0%
1990
2002
FY
(Source) Agency of Natural Resources and Energy
11%
1%
8%
1%
12%
Hydro,
再生可能・
Renewable
新エネルギー等
Pumped
揚水
30%
Hydropower
26%
Oil
石油等
54%
22%
75%
40%
LNG
LNG
22%
10%
20%
0%
1979
14%
1%
LPG
LPG
Oil
石油
1973
15%
1%
2%
4%
2%
1973
Coal
石炭
13%
4%
13%
27%
30%
1979
1990
2002
Nuclear
原子力
FY
(Source) Agency of Natural Resources and Energy
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3. The Current Balance of Electric
Demand and Supply in Japan
Peak electric demand in summer 2004 was 175,820MW, and the
installed capacity was 232,010MW. The reserve margin was 32%.
Electric Demand and Installed Capacity (Summer, 2004)
MW
250000
Wholesale
200000
New Entrants (PPS)
150000
GPU
100000
50000
0
Peak Demand
Installed Capacity
6
4. Introduction of the Bidding
System for Wholesale Supply
Before 1995
After 1995 【Introduction of IPP bidding system】
Independent Power
Producers (IPP)
General Power
Utilities
General Power Utilities
Power
Plants
Special Electric
Company
Power
Plants
Bidding
Power
Plants
Transmission
Lines
Regulated Rate
Household Office, Bldg,
Shopping
Arcade, etc.
Small to
Medium
Factory,
etc.
Department Store,
Large Hospital,
Large Office
Building, etc.
Supply by its
own
transmission
Regulated Rate
Large Factory
etc.
Household
Office, Bldg,
Shopping
Arcade, etc.
Small to
Medium
Factory,
etc.
Department Store,
Large Hospital,
Large Office
Building, etc.
Large Factory
etc.
Small to medium
buildings, etc
7
5. Partial Liberalization of Retail
Supply
After Partial liberalization (current system)
【Starting March 21, 2000】
Before Partial Deregulation
ElectricPower
Power Company
General
Utilities
General Power Utilities
New Entrants
（Companies outside the
supply area included)
Transmission
Lines
Household Office, Bld.,
Shopping
Arcade, etc.
Small to
Medium
Factory,
etc.
Introduction of
Notification System
when lowering Rates.
Deregulation of
Option Menu
Household
Department Store,
Large Hospital,
Large Office
Building, etc.
Electric Power
Company’s
Transmission
Lines
Free Rates
(competitive)
Rate Control
Regulated Rate
Large Factory,
etc.
Power Plants
Power Plants
Power Plants
Office Bld.,
Shopping
Arcade, etc.
Small to
Medium
Factory, etc.
Electric Power
Company reports
the wheeling
rates to METI
“Guideline for Fair Electricity
Trade” compiled jointly by
METI and the Fair Trade
Commission
Department Store,
Large Hospital, Large
Office Building, etc.
Large Factory,
etc.
Large Consumers
(about 30% of the total
From April, 2005 60%)
8
6. Recent Regulatory Reforms in
Japan
GPUs operate both power generators and the network system,
offer ancillary service, and are still the last resort suppliers.
Securing the fairness and transparency of the network is
a key issue for the regulatory reforms in Japan.
I. Maintaining vertical coordination between
generation and transmission
 In order to secure a stable supply of electric
power as well as to promote nuclear power
generation, integrated operation and facility
planning of electric power generation and
transmission is needed.
General Power
Utilities
Wholesale
electric power
enterprises
New
Entrants
(PPS)
generation
Wholesale
Power
Exchange
transmission and
distribution
Securing competitive neutrality
under an integrated structure
Ⅱ. Securing the fairness and transparency of
the network function
 Implementation of the behavioral regulation
 Establishment of neutral organization
Retail (regulated)
Retail (liberalized)
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7. The Principle of the
Regulatory Reform
(1) Conditions of Japanese Electric Industry
Isolated location with no international connection
Scarce indigenous resources and heavy dependence on
imported energy resources
(2) Basic Philosophy of Regulatory Reform
Ensuring the stable electric power supply
Balance the regulatory reform and the policies such as energy
security and environmental protection
Harmonizing free business activities with the system securing
stability and fairness based on the nature of electricity
Expanding retail choice
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Ⅰ. Introduction
Ⅱ. Energy Supply Structure and Portfolio
of Power Supply Sources
8.
Regulations imposed on GPUs
9.
Notification of the Plan for Power
Supply & Demand
10. Future Prospect of Japanese Electric
Industry
11. Directions of Japanese Electric
Industry
Ⅲ. Transmission and Distribution System and the Governance of the
System
Ⅳ. The Next Stage for the Establishment of Flexible and Robust Energy
11
8. Regulations Imposed on GPUs
The regulations imposed on GPUs are as follows;
Business license, Construction plan approval,
Public service obligation,
Approval of terms and conditions for wheeling services,
Supplier of last resort,
Behavioral regulation on wheeling,
Obligation on quality assurance of electricity,
Coordination among electric networks, and
Notification of the plan for power supply and demand.
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9. Notification of the Plan for
Power Supply & Demand
The Japanese government checks the GPUs’ long term
investment plan to ensure adequate investment on
electric facilities.
Each GPU submits its individual 10-year plan for power
supply & demand by the end of every fiscal year.
The plans show power construction projects,
transmission network investments, etc.
The Japanese government (ANRE, METI) checks the
plans to ensure they meet requirements.
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10. Future Prospect of
Japanese Electric Industry
According to the plans for electric power supply and demand of
GPUs, electric demand and balance in 2014, will still keep over
30% level as reserve margin.
Share of Nuclear power plants and LNG fired power plants in
2014 will increase from the current level.
Outlook for Electric Demand and Supply Balance
Outlook for the Share of Electric Power Sources
300000
100%
250000
90%
80%
200000
Peak Demand
Installed Capacity
150000
70%
60%
Hydro
Thermal (Oil)
Thermal (LNG)
Thermal (Coal)
Nuclear
50%
40%
100000
50000
30%
20%
0
10%
0%
2004FY
2014FY
2004FY
2014FY
14
11. Directions of Japanese
Electric Industry
Supply
Side;
The appropriate portfolio in terms of power
supply sources, including hydro, thermal and
nuclear power, should be pursued continuously.
Nuclear power will keep its significant role in the
future.
The effort to conduct conditions for Natural gas
utilization should be initiated.
Demand
Side;
The incentive for load-leveling should be
enhanced through covenant of electricity rate.
Energy conservation will be the ultimate and
effective tool for rapid increase of energy
demand in Asia and environmental protection.
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Ⅰ. Introduction
Ⅱ. Energy Supply Structure and Portfolio of Power Supply Sources
Ⅲ. Transmission and Distribution System
and the Governance of the System
12. The Role of NSO
13. Outline of NSO’s Rule
14. Reliability Issues in NSO’s Rule
15. Monitoring of Inter-connection Lines
16. The Mechanism to Expand
Interconnection Lines
17. To Ensure Reliability
Ⅳ. The Next Stage for the Establishment of Flexible and Robust Energy
Supply System
16
12. The Role of NSO
Japanese regulatory reform has maintain vertical coordination
between generation and transmission.
Ensuring fairness and transparency in the transmission and
distribution sector is one of the essential concept of it.
1. Designation Electric Power System Council of Japan
(ESCJ) as Neutral System Organization (NSO), which
formulates network rules and monitors their
implementation, etc.
2. Implementation of the behavioral regulation.
 Information
firewalls, Prevention of crosssubsidizing and Prohibition of discriminatory
treatments are enforced as legal obligations.
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13. Outline of NSO’s Rule
NSO is not a governmental organization, but a specified
organization by the law. It consists of incumbent utilities, new
entrants, other network users and academic experts.
NSO’s (Neutral System Organization) main functions are;
(a) Rulemaking (not regulation, but organization rules) :
- Construction of network facilities
- Network access
- System operation
- Disclosure of network information
(b) Arbitration and dispute settlements between network users
and the transmission/distribution segments of GPUs
(c) Providing a central dispatching liaison office
(d) Operating OASIS
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14. Reliability Issues in NSO’s Rule
NSO’s rule covers;
- thermal limit,
- voltage stability,
- system stability,
- system frequency maintenance,
etc.
Analysis is made on the condition of assumed
severe contingency corresponding to each case.
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15. Monitoring of Interconnection Lines
NSO manages the available transmission
capability on interconnection lines.
• NSO manages and posts the available
transmission capability on interconnection
lines between system operators each other.
• NSO determines the availability of interconnection lines for each request of
transaction through interconnection lines.
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16. The Mechanism to Expand
Interconnection Lines
The mechanism to plan to expand and/or construct
interconnection lines is supposed to be implemented
by NSO in case the power flow on interconnection
lines increases and the remaining capabilities become
insufficient due to construction of new generators,
increase of long-distance power trade, etc.
However, the interconnection lines will be constructed
by GPUs, because they still possess transmission
assets, and are responsible for reliability of the
network systems.
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17. To Ensure Reliability
NSO will assess the reliability of power
network system in Japan twice a year.
NSO prepares the reliability assessment of the
network system twice a year. NSO carries out
the 1st assessment this spring.
The assessment could contribute to maintaining
or even improving the current level of reliability.
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Ⅰ. Introduction
Ⅱ. Energy Supply Structure and Portfolio of Power Supply Sources
Ⅲ. Transmission and Distribution System and the Governance of the
System
Ⅳ. The Next Stage for the Establishment
of Flexible and Robust Energy Supply
System
18. Conditions of Japanese Energy Sector
19. Outlook for the Future
20. The Next Stage
21. Future Energy Strategies Based on
the Energy Outlook
23
18. Conditions of Japanese
Energy Sector
Most fuels for generators are imported in Japan,
because Japan does not have significant gas or
coal reserves.
Limited gas pipeline network
Limitation of thermal power generators
Location (Only along coast line)
NIMBY, Small & mountainous country
Construction of new transmission lines
is difficult.
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19. Outlook for the Future
16
14
レファ レン スケース
12
低成長ケース
10
千億ｋＷｈ
On the other hand,
electric power demand
in Japan is expected
to increase moderately
over the next 20-30
years.
高成長ケース
8
6
4
2
0
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
2015
2025
年度
25
20. The Next Stage
The study on full liberalization will start in 2007.
Our goal is the harmonization of ensuring energy
security, environment protection and economic
efficiency.
The role of nuclear powers will remain significant.
Investment of transmission/distribution lines and
other necessary investment should be sustained.
Effective use of distributed generations is also a
key issue.
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21. Future Energy Strategies
Based on the Energy
Outlook
 Development of international strategy focused
on the increase of energy demand in Asia
 Realization of the virtuous circle of energy
conservation and environmental protection
among the civil society and industrial circles
 Strengthen the ability to adapt to any change by
dispersion and diversification of energy supply
 Establishment of the flexible and robust energy
supply system
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Thank you.
Hiroshi Iwano
Director,
Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution,
Electricity and Gas Industry Department,
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE),
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI),
JAPAN
[email protected]
28