Transcript Chapter 13
Central Nervous System
Chapter 13 – Lecture Notes
to accompany
Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life
textbook by
Gail Jenkins, Christopher Kemnitz, Gerard Tortora
1
Chapter Overview
13.1 Central Nervous System
13.2 Protection and Nourishment of the CNS
13.3 Cerebrum
13.4 Limbic System
13.5 Signal Processing in the Cerebrum
13.6 Diencephalon
13.7 Brain Stem
13.8 Cerebellum
13.9 Spinal Cord
13.10 Propagation of Impulses
2
Essential Terms
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
control center for
thoughts
emotions
creativity
wisdom
memories
activities
behaviors
Tract
bundle of axons
3
Introduction
CNS made up of ~100 billion neurons
Adult brain mass of ~1300g (3 lbs)
Spinal cord
mediates rapid reactions
reflexes
pathway for sensory nerve impulses to brain
pathway for motor nerve impulses from brain
4
Concept 13.1
Central Nervous System
5
CNS
Brain
cerebrum
1.
–
2.
3.
4.
cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
Spinal Cord
medulla oblongata to superior edge of L2
Protection of CNS
two types of connective tissues
bony skull
cranial and spinal meninges
cushion of cerebrospinal fluid
6
Figure 13.1a
7
Figure 13.1c
8
Figure 13.2
9
Skeletal Protection
Brain is located in cranial cavity of
skull
Spinal cord is located within vertebral
canal of vertebral column
vertebral foramina of vertebrae stacked
one on top of one another form the
vertebral canal
10
Meninges
three connective tissue coverings that
encircle brain and spinal cord
cranial meninges
spinal meninges
superficial to deep
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
11
Figure 13.3a
12
Figure 13.4a
13
Dura Mater of Brain
most superficial adheres to periosteum
of cranial bones
strongest menix
extensions separate portions of brain
falx cerebri
two hemispheres of cerebrum
falx cerebelli
two hemispheres of cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
14
Dura Mater of Spinal Cord
between dura mater and all of
vertebral canal
epidural space
cushion of fat
dura mater tissue
sinuses that act as collection points
for interstitial fluid and blood leaving
brain
return interstitial fluid and blood to
internal jugular veins of neck
15
Arachnoid Mater
avascular
collagen fibers
some elastic fibers
surrounds both brain and spinal cord
subdural space
thin space between dura mater and
arachnoid matter
contains interstitial fluid
16
Pia Mater
innermost membrane
tightly adheres to surface of CNS
interlacing bundles of collagen fibers
some fine elastic fibers
surrounds both brain and spinal cord
subarachnoid space
thin space between arachnoid mater and
pia matter
contains cerebrospinal fluid
also covers surface blood vessels of
CNS
17
Meninges and Spinal Nerves
All three
cover spinal nerves
up to point of exit from spinal column
through intervertebral foramina
18
Denticulate Ligaments
suspend spinal cord in middle of dural
sheath
membranous extensions of pia mater
project laterally and fuse with
arachnoid mater and
inner surface of dura mater
between anterior and posterior nerve
roots of spinal nerves on either side
protect spinal cord against shock and
sudden displacement
19
Concept 13.2
Nourishment and Protection
20
Blood Flow to CNS
to brain via
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
flows into dural sinuses
empties into internal jugular veins
to spinal cord via
posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries
empties into posterior intercostal and
lumbar veins
21
Figure 20.20c
22
Figure 20.20d
23
Blood Flow to Brain
Brain at rest uses 20% of oxygen and
glucose
even though only 2% of mass of adult
Neurons synthesize ATP almost
exclusively from glucose
when activity increases in a particular
region, blood flow to that area also
increases
24
Blood Flow to Brain
decreased blood flow to brain
short time can cause unconsciousness
1 to 2 minutes impairs neuronal function
4 minutes causes permanent injury
virtually no glucose stored in the brain
low blood glucose to brain can cause
mental confusion
dizziness
convulsions
loss of consciousness
25
Blood Flow to Brain
Blocked blood flow to brain
arterial blockage can damage brain
CVA cerebrovascular accident
stroke
most common brain disorder
affect 500,000 people per year in US
1/3 leading cause of death
26
Blood Brain Barrier
Physiology
protects CNS from harmful
substances
pathogens
prevents passage from blood into interstitial
fluid of neural tissue
water soluble substances usually pass by
active transport
others pass slowly
lipid soluble substances pass readily
27
Blood Brain Barrier
Anatomy
cerebral arteries divide quickly into capillaries
tight junctions seal together endothelial cells of
CNS capillaries
capillaries also surrounded by thick basement
membrane
astrocyte processes press against capillaries
selectively pass some substances and inhibit
others
28
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
80-150 ml volume
clear colorless liquid
protects and nourishes brain & spinal cord
protects
nourishes by carrying
against chemical and physical injuries
acting as shock absorber on which brain floats
oxygen
glucose
other chemicals
continuously circulates through cavities in and
around CNS in subarachnoid space
29
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Contributes to homeostasis in three ways:
1.
mechanical protection
1.
2.
3.
shock absorber
chemical protection
circulation
30
Figure 13.5a
31
Formation of CSF
CSF fills ventricles
lateral ventricles
located in each hemisphere of cerebrum
separated by septum pellucidum
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
CSF produced in choroid plexuses
capillaries in walls of ventricles
covered by ependymal cells that form CSF from
blood plasma by filtration and secretion
32
Circulation of CSF
Cilia on ependymal cells assist with flow
from lateral ventricles
through interventricular foramina
to third ventricle
then through cerebral aqueduct
into fourth ventricle
enters subarachnoid space through
median aperture
pair of lateral apertures
reabsorbed into blood
arachnoid villi
33
Figure 13.6a
34
Figure 13.3a
35
Figure 13.6c
36
Concept 13.3
Cerebrum
37
Cerebrum
Seat of intelligence
interprets sensory impulses
controls muscular movements
functions in emotional and intellectual processes
Cerebral Cortex
gray matter on outside
White matter on inside
receives & integrates incoming & outgoing information
white is myelination
Gray matter nuclei deep within white matter
38
Cerebral Cortex
enlarges faster during embryonic development
than white matter
rolls and folds forming
gyri (singular = gyrus)
bulges or folds
fissures
deep grooves
longitudinal fissure separates cerebrum
into left and right hemispheres
connected internally by corpus
callosum
sulci (singular = sulcus)
shallow fissures
39
Figure 13.7a
40
Figure 13.7b
41
Figure 13.7c
42
Cerebral White Matter
has tracts
myelinated and unmyelinated axons
communicate between regions of
CNS
three types
association tracts
1.
•
between gyri in same hemisphere
commissural tracts
2.
•
from gyri in one hemisphere to
corresponding gyri in other hemisphere
projection tracts
3.
•
from cerebrum to lower parts of CNS
43
Basal Nuclei
mass of cell bodies
two are side by side just lateral to thalamus
globus pallidus and putamen
third is caudate nucleus
large “head” connected to smaller “tail” by
long comma-shaped “body”
receive input from cerebral cortex
provide output to motor portions
control subconscious contractions of skeletal
muscles
44
Table 13.2 part 1
45
Table 13.2 part 2
46
Table 13.2 part 3
47
Table 13.2 part 4
48
Table 13.2 part 5
49
Concept 13.4
Limbic System
50
Limbic System
controls emotion, behavior, and memory
encircles upper part of brain stem and corpus
callosum
ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum
and floor of diencephalon
controls most involuntary aspects of behavior
related to survival
intense pain
extreme pleasure
anger/rage
affection
recognition of fear
51
Concept 13.5
Functional Areas of
Cerebrum
52
Functional Areas of Cerebrum
Sensory areas
receive sensory impulses
Motor areas
initiate movements
Association areas
complex integrative functions
memory
emotions
reasoning
will
judgment
personality traits
intelligence
53
Figure 13.10
54
Sensory Areas
Posterior half of both hemispheres
behind central sulci
most direct connections with peripheral
sensory receptors
primary somatosensory area
receives impulses for touch, proprioception, pain, itching,
tickle, thermal sensations
localize exactly the points where sensations originate
primary visual area
receives impulses for vision
eye to thalamus to primary visual area
shape, color, movement of visual stimuli
55
Sensory Areas
primary auditory area
receives impulses for basic characteristics of sound
pitch and rhythm
primary gustatory area
receives impulses for taste
primary olfactory area
receives impulses for smell
56