Transcript Ergonomics Presentation

WORKPLACE
ENVIRONMENT &
ERGONOMICS
CHAPTER 4
ERGONOMICS-What is it?
 Derived from two Greek words:
 “Nomoi” meaning natural laws
 “Ergon” meaning work
 Hence, ergonomists study human
capabilities in relationship to work
demands
History
• As early as 18th century doctors noted
that workers who required to maintain
body positions for long periods of time
developed musculoskeletal problems.
• Within last 20 years research has clearly
established connections between certain
job tasks and RSI or MSD.
Focus and Objectives of
Ergonomics
cont…
• The focus is that people (their abilities
and limitations) and their requirements
are considered when:
a) Objects, systems which people use and operate
b)
c)
within are being designed and developed;
Procedures to carry out work are being
developed;
Facilities which involve and affect people are
being evaluated.
Focus and Objectives of
Ergonomics
• The objectives of Ergonomics are:
a) Enhance and optimize the effectiveness with
b)
c)
which work and other human activities are
carried out;
Also to maintain certain desirable human values
in the process, e.g. health, safety;
Stimulate work interest and satisfaction.
Effects of poor Ergonomics
• Discomfort
• Accidents and injuries
• Fatigue
• Errors
• Illness
• Annoyance
• Productivity down
What two elements
are at work?
1) Static work: musculoskeletal effort
required to hold a certain position, even
a comfortable one.
Example: sit & work at computers;
keeping head and torso upright requires
small or great amounts of static work
depending on the efficiency of the body
positions we chose.
Elements at work (cont)
• Force: amount of tension our muscles generate
Example: tilting your head forward or backward
from a neutral, vertical position quadruples the
amount of force acting on your lower neck
vertebrae
• Increased force is due to increase in muscular
tension needed to support head in a tilted
position
3 Main Ergonomic Principles:
1. Work activities should permit worker to adopt
2.
3.
several different healthy and safe postures.
Muscle forces should be done by the largest
appropriate muscle groups available
Work activities should be performed with joints
at about mid-point of their ROM (esp.
head,trunk,UE)
FACTS
• The average person working at a keyboard
•
•
•
can perform 50,000 to 200,000 keystrokes
a day
Overexertion, falls & RMI are the most
common cause of workplace injury
An average of 125,000 back injuries due to
improper lifting each year.
Muscles overuse results in tiny tears in the
muscles and scarring; these contribute to
inflammation and muscle stiffness
A Bit of Anatomy !!
• Overuse and small repetitive movements
ie: cumulative trauma disorder (CTD),
repetitive stress injury (RSI),
musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) disturb
balance of muscles, tendons, ligaments
and nerves
What causes Nerve
Compression or Entrapment?
1) Repeated motions
2) Tight muscles
3) Inflammation of surrounding tissues
4) Misalignment of the nerve
What are 4 Common Nerve
injuries?
I. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial
plexus compression due to muscle
tightness side of neck from poor head
position or slumped posture.
signs and symptoms (S/Sx):
numbness/tingling in hand, made worse
w/overhead activities or cradling phone
between ear and shoulder
Nerve injuries (cont)
II. Radial tunnel syndrome: compressed
radial nerve @ outside of elbow d/t
repetitive wrist & finger extension or
turning of forearm
S/Sx: Sensations from elbow to base of
thumb w/ wrist weakness a common sx
Nerve injuries (cont)
III. Cubital tunnel syndrome: ulnar nerve
compression inside of the elbow d/t
repetitive bending of elbow or resting
your elbow on a hard surface
S/Sx: numbness or tingling and
inside of arm w/ tingling to ring & little
fingers
Nerve injuries (cont)
IV. Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of
median nerve at level of carpal tunnel
Where is carpal tunnel? Formed @ wrist by
ligament over the carpal bones in hand
S/Sx: numbness or tingling in thumb, index,
or middle finger & ½ of ring finger; often
awakened @ night by hand “falling asleep”
Sx increased by driving or attempting to hold
objects; dropping objects is a common
complaint
Tendons and Tendonitis
• Tendons are connective tissue that attach
•
•
•
•
muscle to bone; have little stretch or rebound
Tendon overuse, static or prolonged
position=inflammation or tendonitis
Tendons of wrist & hand very small; @ high risk
for injury w/ overuse
“Tennis elbow” or lateral epicondylitis affects
finger extensor tendons outside of elbow
“Golfer’s elbow” or medical epicondylitis affects
finger flexor tendons inside of elbow
What to do ??
PREVENT, PREVENT, PREVENT !!!
a) Warm up & stretch before activities that are
b)
c)
d)
repetitive, static or prolonged
Take frequent breaks from ANY sustained
posture every 20-30 minutes
Respect painpositions or stop painful
activity
Recognize early signs of inflammatory process,
& tx early
Maintain
Neutral
Posture
a) Maintain erect position of back
b)
c)
d)
e)
& neck w/ shoulders relaxed
Position equipment & work directly in front of
and close to your major tasks
Keep upper arms close to the body, elbows 90100 degrees
Keep feet flat on floor, upper body weight
resting on “sits bones”
Wrists as neutral as possible; safe zone for wrist
movement is 15 degrees in all directions
You
talking to
me?
f) Avoid bending neck forward for
prolonged periods of time (*remember
quadruple the force); use a copy holder
g) Avoid static positions for prolonged time;
muscles fatigue---MOVE to circulation!
Modify Tasks:
a) Alternate activities frequently; rotate heavy
b)
c)
d)
e)
&/or repetitive tasks w/ lighter less repetitive
ones.
If sx become worse REASSESS task setup &
look for alternative methods
Avoid repetitive or prolonged grip activities
Avoid pinching w/ wrist in flexion or wrist
deviation (bending to side)
Take frequent breaks to stretch & rest hands
Body Mechanics
• Use the largest joints & muscles to do the job
• Use 2 hands to lift rather than one, even with
•
•
•
•
light objects and tasks.
Avoid lifting w/ the forearm in full pronation
(palm down) or supination (palm up)
Slide or push & pull objects instead of lifting
Keep reaching to a minimum
Carry objects close to body at waist level
Correct & Incorrect Techniques
Recommended Position FOR Computer user
ERGO REMINDERS from
Stretchbreak.com
Practice Wellness at Work and Home !
Exercise
Nutrition
Relaxation
Spirit
Mind
Body
MOVE
STRETCH
An ounce of Prevention is worth a
pound of cure !
Ergonomics in occupational health and safety
1. User
2. Machine
3. Workplace
3. Environment
4. Special questions
Indoor Air Quality
• Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term
referring to the air quality within and
around buildings and structures,
especially as it relates to the health
and comfort of building occupants
Indoor Air Pollution
• The National Health and Medical Research
Council (NHMRC- Australia) defines indoor
air as air within a building occupied for at
least one hour by people of varying states
of health. This can include the office,
classroom, transport facility, shopping
centre, hospital and home.
• Indoor air quality can be defined as the
Sick building syndrome
Condition associated with
complaints of discomfort
including headache;
nausea; dizziness;
dermatitis; eye, nose,
throat, and respiratory
irritation; coughing;
difficulty concentrating;
sensitivity to odors; muscle
pain; and fatigue.
Sick building syndrome
• The specific causes of the symptoms are
often not known but sometimes are
attributed to the effects of a combination
of substances or individual susceptibility to
low concentrations of contaminants.
• The symptoms are associated with
periods of occupancy and often disappear
after the worker leaves the worksite.
Cause of SBS
• Inadequate ventilation 52%
• Contamination from inside building
16%
• Contamination from outside building
10%
• Microbial contamination 5%
• Contamination from building fabric 4%
• Unknown sources 13%
Thermal Comfort
• Personal factors (health, psychology,
sociology & situational factors)
• Air temperature
• Mean radiant temperature
• Air movement / velocity (see wind chill
factor)
• Relative humidity (see also perspiration)
• Insulative clothing
• Activity levels.
Sources of Indoor Pollutants
Base on Specific Building
Combustion activity
Furniture
Chemical
Building materials
Food
Water
Smoking activity
Outdoor air pollution
Walkaround Inspection
• Potential Problem Areas
• Sample Collection
Contaminant
Range
Screening Method
Validation Method
Bioaerosols
0-1,000 cfu/m3
Viable biological
sampler
Carbon dioxide
0-2,000 ppm
DT, IR
Sampling bag, GC/TCD OSHA
ID172
Carbon
monoxide
2-50 ppm
DT, meter
Sampling bag, meter
Formaldehyde
0.04-1 ppm
DT
Coated XAD-2, GC/NPD OSHA-52
Nitric oxide
0-25 ppm
DT
TEA tube with oxidizer, DPP OSHA
ID190
Nitrogen
dioxide
0-5 ppm
DT
TEA-Molecular Sieve Tube, IC
OSHA ID 182
Particulates
0-40,000
particles/cc
Light scattering meter
Pesticides
(See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)
Ozone
0-0.1 ppm
DT, Chemiluminescent
meter
Radon
4-200 pCi/L
Radon Cartridge,
Electrect
VOC's
(See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)