Transcript Cytology
Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. Differentiation Figure 3.1 C. Generalized Parts Figure 3.2 II. Cell Membrane A. Structure 1. Molecular Make-up & Function Figure 3.3 B. Specializations - Junctions 1. Tight = Fusing of neighboring cell membranes together Figure 3.5a 2. Desmosome = Fibers connecting cell membranes together Figure 3.5b 3. Gap = Tubular connections of neighboring cells Figure 3.5c C. Specializations - Extensions 1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane folding to increase cell’s overall surface area 2. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface 3. Flagella = move the entire cell D. Function 1. Generalized Figure 3.4 2. Passive Transport a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Molecules b. Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis Figure 3.7 Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane Figure 3.8a Figure 3.8b Osmotic conditions Figure 3.9 3. Active Transport a. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient b. Mechanisms = Molecular, Bulk (Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated Molecular Figure 3.10 Bulk Endocytosis Cell-Mediated Exocytosis Figure 3.12 III. Cytoplasmic Components A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm Consistency like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension Make-up 92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water 1. Consistency 2. Molecular Make-up B. Organelles 1. Membrane Bound a. Mitochondria = Energy Transformer Figure 3.17 b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi c. House cleaners = Lysosome or Peroxisome d. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans Envelope, nucleolus, and pores Figure 3.29 The plans Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin e. Vacuoles = Cell storage sites Food (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage) 2. Non-membrane Bound a. Cytoskeleton b. Centrioles c. Free Ribosomes IV. Cell Cycle A. Definition B. Stages The Cell Cycle Figure 3.31 C. Time Allotment & Control External controls outside influence What could be a signal? Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth. Internal controls == internal clock Cyclin Cdk MPF D. Cancer Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastatic V. Mitosis A. Definition B. Phases & Events Mitosis interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2 of cell cycle Prophase = condense chromosomes, dismantle the nuclear membrane, and start to build spindle from centrioles Metaphase = attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equator Anaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase VI. Cytokinesis A. Definition B. Events VII. DNA Replication A. Definition B. Events & Players VII. Protein Synthesis A. Transcription 1. Definition 2. Events & Players Figure 3.35 B. Translation 1. Definition 2. Events & Players Figure 3.37 Figure 3.36 Diligence can lead to success.