Transcript Segregation - Historymartinez's Blog

Segregation
Power point created by Robert Martinez
Primary Content : History Alive!
Images as Cited.
Civil Rights Era
The segregation of public accommodations got
its approval from the Supreme Court ruling in
Plessy v. Ferguson. This railroad case gave
rise to many state laws legalizing
segregation in public accommodations,
theatres, restaurants, parks, and public
transportation.
http://www.people.vcu.edu/~toggel/399h
Jim Crow laws established separate facilities
for whites and blacks across the South
(examples: waiting rooms, restrooms, train
cars, buses, theaters, restaurants, and park
benches.)
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/progress/plessy_2
Although the Plessy decision stated that
separate accommodations for the races
must be equal, the reality was quite
different.
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/58iron/58visual3.htm
Southern states spent far more on white
schools than on black schools. Teachers in
black schools got lower salaries and worked
under more difficult conditions. They often
lacked books and supplies, and their school
facilities were frequently substandard.
http://www.amerika.nl/politiek/html/persoonlijkheden/marshall.htm
In some schools, students had to gather
firewood to heat their classrooms in the
winter. Although white schools had bus
systems, black students often had to
walk miles to get to school.
http://brownvboard.org/trvlexbt/pnl10/pnl10.htm
African Americans experienced housing
segregation. This came in two main forms.
One was defacto segregation, which was
established by practice and custom
(tradition), rather than the law.
http://www.wou.edu/las/socsci/history/mulligm/outlines/202outlines/lec9mout.htm
The other was de jure segregation, or
segregation by law. De jure segregation
occurred mostly in the South.
Separate But Equal ?
Many white residents used informal
measures to keep blacks out of their
neighborhoods. One practice was the
restrictive covenant. This was an
agreement among neighbors not to sell or
rent to African Americans or other racial
minorities.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alexadan/211923546/
Restrictive covenants forced blacks into
poor neighborhoods that were farther
from jobs, public transport, or good
schools.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alexadan/211923546/
Segregation by Law
De jure segregation was accomplished
through racial zoning. These local laws
defined where the different races could
live.
http://www.pbs.org/fromswastikatojimcrow/racism.html
Segregation & Marriage
Between 1870 and 1884, eleven southern states
passed laws against miscegenation, or
interracial marriage. The “purity of the white
race” was the key concern regarding mixed
marriages.
http://www.uniquecaketoppers.com/wedding%20cake%20toppers%206_inches_tall_most_popular.htm
Few blacks held white-collar jobs, or jobs that
do not involve manual labor. Most worked in
agriculture or services. Their wages were
much lower than those of whites. In 1940, the
median income level of black men was less
than half that of white men.
http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~aas405a/historicala.html
Southern whites found ways to disenfranchise,
or deny voting rights to African Americans.
In the years after Reconstruction, poll taxes
and literacy tests kept many blacks from
voting.
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mcountry/KennedyCivilRights.htm
Many southern states discourage blacks
through use of the white primary. This
was a primary election in which only
whites could participate.
http://www.glynn.k12.ga.us/BHS/academics/junior/hunt/dantea24411/home2.html
Texas was one state in which the white primary
was used extensively. Texas Democrats used
it to limit black participation in politics. In
1944, the Supreme Court declared white
primaries unconstitutional.
http://www.hist.umn.edu/~sargent/1308/out%20week%209_04.htm
Gerrymandering is the practice of
redrawing the lines of a voting district
to give one party or group of voters and
advantage.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/saranut/290333347/
Voting district lines were gerrymandered to
break up large African American voting
blocks. The goal was to dilute the black vote
into a large white voting pool. Through
gerrymandering, black voters were denied
political influence (voice.)
http://pinkdome.com/archives/2006/07/redistricting_f.html
Jackie Robinson would become one of the
greatest baseball players in the history of the
game. In 1944, as an army lieutenant
stationed at Fort Hood, Texas, he was
ordered to move to the back of a bus.
Robinson refused and was later arrested,
and nearly court-martialed for his actions.
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/filmnotes/negrosoldier2.html
• Over the course of his life, Robinson came
to represent both the struggles of African
Americans and their gradual advances in
white-dominated society.
http://www.jackierobinsonwest.org/
Jackie Robinson began his baseball career in
the Negro Leagues after World War II. At the
time, baseball was divided by the color line, a
barrier created by custom, law, and
economic differences that separated whites
from nonwhites.
http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/jackie/photo4.html
In 1945, Robinson crossed the color line when
the Brooklyn Dodgers hired him. Being the
first black major league baseball player was
not easy. Fans taunted him, and some of his
own teammates resented playing with a
black man. Players on opposing teams
sometimes tried to “bean” him with the ball
or spike him with their cleats.
“Plenty of times I wanted to haul off [and fight]
when someone insulted me for the color of
my skin, but I had to hold to myself. I knew I
was kind of an experiment. The whole thing
was bigger than me.” Robinson overcame
these challenges and eventually led his team
to six league championships and one World
Series victory.
http://www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/pd--12330114/sp--A/Jackie_Robinson.htm
Despite the valuable contributions of African
American soldiers during World War II, the
military remained segregated after the war.
Many GIs returning from combat continued
to face segregation at home, especially in the
Jim Crow South.
http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/korea/b6.html
President Truman knew that desegregation in
the armed forces was necessary, not only on
moral grounds but also for political reasons.
Like many Americans, he recognized that it
was hypocritical to fight Nazism and antiSemitism abroad while maintaining a color
line at home.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/deedeeq5724/1308144255/
http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/rr/s01/cw/students/leeann/historyandcollections/collections/exhibitpages/afamkoreaexhibit/afamkoreaexhintro.htm
Executive Order 9981
On July 26, 1948, Truman signed Executive
Order 9981. With this order, desegregation
became official policy in the armed forces.
http://www.mdk12.org/instruction/curriculum/hsa/us_history/desegregation.html
The fight to end segregation would never have
succeeded without the determined efforts of
civil rights activists. Many Americans worked
tirelessly for various organizations dedicated
to achieving equal rights.
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
founded in Chicago 1942, by a group of
students, was committed to nonviolent
direct action as a means of changes.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/civil_rights.cfm
The National Urban League, formed in response to the
Great Migration of blacks to northern cities, focused
on helping African Americans achieve success in the
North. It promoted educational and employment
opportunities for African Americans. During WWII, the
Urban League helped integrate defense plants.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/civil_rights.cfm
The National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People (NAACP), the oldest major
civil rights organization, founded in 1909,
continued its efforts to promote civil rights
legislation. In 1939, the group established a
legal arm for civil rights to promote civil
rights actions, the NAACP Legal Defense and
Educational Fund.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/civil_rights.cfm
In 1940, Thurgood Marshall became the head of the
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, which focused
on defeating segregation through the court system.
Its main weapon was the equal protection clause of
the 14th Amendment. This clause prohibits states
from denying any person equal protection of the
laws.
Thurgood Marshall (center).
http://brownvboard.org/trvlexbt/pnl10/pnl10.htm
Thurgood Marshall was denied admission the
University of Maryland because he was not
white. He went on to earn a law degree from
Howard University. In one of Marshall’s first
legal victories, he sued the University of
Maryland for its race-based policy. Marshall
later served on the Supreme Court.
http://www.law.du.edu/chen/Constitutional%20Law/ConLawSyllabus.htm
http://www.uscourts.gov/ttb/feb03ttb/newstamp.html
In the 1930s and 1940s, the Supreme Court began to
strike down Jim Crow laws. In 1935, the Court
ordered the University of Maryland to admit a black
student. Later it declared white primaries
unconstitutional and barred segregation on
interstate transport (example: buses).
In 1947, the Supreme Court ruled that
states could not enforce restrictive
covenants. As a result, many city
neighborhoods became desegregated.
http://www.queervisions.com/protect.html
The NAACP’s legal campaign triumphed in 1954,
when the Supreme Court issued the Brown v.
Board of Education decision. This ruling
declared segregation in public schools to be
unconstitutional (14th Amendment) and
undermined the legal basis for segregation in
other areas of American life.
http://brownvboard.org/trvlexbt/pnl10/pnl10.htm
In 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus,
supporter of segregation (separation of
races), ordered the National Guard to turn
away the “Little Rock Nine” – nine African
American students who had volunteered to
integrate Little Rock’s Central High School.
http://teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/ClementHSTY3080
A federal judge ordered the governor to
let the students into the school. NAACP
members called eight of the students
and arranged to drive them to school.
http://lcweb.loc.gov/loc/kidslc/kllr.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/38952296@N00/1432714363/
They could not reach the ninth student,
Elizabeth Eckford, who did not have a phone.
Outside Central High, Eckford faced an
abusive crowd. Terrified, the 15-year-old
made it to a bus stop where two friendly
whites stayed with her.
http://www.glynn.k12.ga.us/~pwilliam/BHS/academics/junior/hunt/johnathonh26222/home.html
The crisis in Little Rock forced President
Eisenhower to act. He placed the Arkansas
National Guard under federal control and
ordered a thousand paratroopers into Little
Rock. Under the watch of soldiers, the nine
African American teenagers attended class.
http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/99-4_00-1NR/Ashmore_South.html
But even these soldiers could not protect
the students from confrontations in
stairways, hallways, and the cafeteria
from unruly white students. At the end
of the year, the Arkansas governor
closed Central High rather than let
integration continue.
http://www.thelostyear.com/
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a
seamstress and an NAACP officer, took a
seat in the front row of the “colored” section
of a Montgomery bus. As the bus filled, the
driver ordered Parks and three other African
American passengers to empty the row they
were occupying so that a white man could sit
down.
http://www.blogexplosion.com/click.php?BannerID=11382
“It was time for someone to stand up – or in my
case, sit down,” “I refused to move,” recalled
Rosa Parks. As Parks stared out the window,
the bus driver said, “If you don’t stand up,
I’m going to call the police and have you
arrested.” The soft-spoken Parks replied,
“You may do that.”
http://bball.over-blog.com/article-1073901.html
News of Parks’s arrest spread rapidly. The
leaders of the African-American community
formed the Montgomery Improvement
Association to organize a bus boycott. They
elected a young 26-year-old pastor, Martin
Luther King, Jr., to lead the group.
http://www.pubtheo.com/page.asp?pid=1592
King’s passionate and eloquent speech pulled
the black community together. African
Americans filed a lawsuit and for 381 days
refused to ride the buses of Montgomery. In
1956, the Supreme Court outlawed bus
segregation.
http://www.pestaola.gr/2006/04/20/martin-luther-king-jr-quote
The Montgomery Bus Boycott proved the
power of nonviolent resistance, the
peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws.
The famous bus of Rosa Parks.
“We will not hate you, but we cannot…obey your
unjust laws…We will soon wear you down by
our capacity to suffer. And in winning our
freedom, we will so appeal to your heart and
conscience that we will win you in the process.”
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
After the bus boycott ended, King joined with
ministers and civil rights leaders in 1957 to
found the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference. African American churches
became a foundation for the Civil Rights
Movement.
http://www.medaloffreedom.com/MartinLutherKingJr.htm
There was no denying the ugly face of racism.
Day after day, news reporters captured the
scenes of whites beating, jeering at, and
pouring food over black students who
refused to strike back during sit-ins. The
media coverage sparked many sit-ins across
the South.
http://www.glynn.k12.ga.us/~pwilliam/BHS/academics/junior/hunt/johnathonh26222/home.html
Store managers called in the police, raised the
price of food, and removed counter seats.
But the movement continued. The students
endured arrests, beatings, suspension from
college, and tear gas and fire hoses, but the
army of nonviolent black students refused to
back down.
http://www.enclave-nashville.blogspot.com/