Transcript Slide 1

GUJARAT ENERGY TRANSMISSION
CORPORATION LIMITED
Grid related issues in case of Wind/Solar
based Generation in Gujarat
07th February, 2009
S. K. Negi
Managing Director
1
Power Scenario in Gujarat as on 31.12.2008

Present power generating capacity including State sector, Private sector
& Share from Central sector: 10417 MW.
Sr.
No.
Particulars
Capacity in MW
1
State Sector including Hydro
4766
2
Private Sector
2418
3
Central Sector
3233
Total….




10417
56% is generated from South Gujarat.
37% is generated from Central Gujarat.
7% is generated from Saurashtra and Kutch area.
Out of total 10417 MW installed capacity, 63% is from thermal, 23%
is from Gas, 7% from hydro and 7% from nuclear sources.
2
Future Power Scenario in Gujarat
Sr.
No.
Particulars
Capacity addition during
11th FYP in MW
Capacity in MW
1
State Sector
including Hydro
1785
6551
2
Private Sector
5690
8108
3
Central Sector
2042
5275
9752
19934
3000 (1900 MW Private
sector + 1100 MW Central
sector)
22934
Total….
4
After March-2012

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
Total….
12752
22934
52% is generated from South Gujarat.
31% is generated from Central Gujarat.
27% is generated from Saurashtra and Kutch area.
4000 MW Mundra, UMPP is also located at Mundra in Dist: Kutch.
Out of total 19934 MW installed capacity, 67% is from thermal, 26%
is from Gas, 4% from hydro and 3% from nuclear sources. 3
Power Scenario in Kutch and Saurashtra
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
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Present installed capacity of Saurashtra and Kutch is as under:
•
KLTPS, Panandhro, Kutch
215 MW
•
GMDC, Akrimota, Kutch
250 MW
•
GSECL, Sikka, Saurashtra
240 MW
Total….
705 MW
Proposed anticipated capacity addition in Saurashtra and Kutch during
11th five year plan and subsequent years:
•
KLTPS, Panandhro, Kutch (Unit-IV)
75 MW
•
Adani Power, Mundra, Kutch
2640 MW
•
UMPP, Mundra, Kutch
4000 MW
•
GSECL, Sikka Extension, Saurashtra 500 MW
•
Essar Power, Vadinar, Saurashtra
1200 MW
•
GPPC, Pipavav, Saurashtra
700 MW
•
BECL, Bhavnagar, Saurashtra
600 MW
Total….
9715 MW
In addition to this, in Western Gujarat itself the approved proposals for
integration of Wind power are around 3600 MW.
4
Power Scenario in Kutch and Saurashtra
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The pending proposals for integration of Wind power are around 40004500 MW.
Also, a proposal for establishing concentrated solar thermal power
project to the tune of 8000 MW in Kutch is in the conceptual stage.
To summarise West Gujarat generation more than 25000 MW of which
 around 10500 MW will be from conventional sources and
 more than 14500 MW from renewable energy sources.
West Gujarat alone cannot absorb this huge quantum of power or it can
be rather said that the load of entire State may not reach this level.
As per 17th Electric Power Survey, published by Central Electricity
Authority, New Delhi, projected load of Gujarat State is 14374 MW by
March-2012.
5
Amendment in Wind Farm Policy 2007
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•
•
•
•
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The Government of Gujarat through GR No: WND 11–2008–2321–B dated 7th January 2009, has made
amendments in the Wind Power Policy – 2007 notified earlier through GR No: EDA-102001-3054-B dated
13th June 2007 .
Wheeling of power to consumption site at 66 KV voltage level and above:The wheeling of electricity generated from the Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs), to the desired location(s)
within the State, shall be allowed on payment of transmission charges, and transmission losses otherwise
applicable to normal Open Access Customer.
Wheeling of power to consumption site below 66 KV voltage level.
The wheeling of electricity generated from the WTGs, to the desired location(s) within the State, shall be
allowed on payment of transmission charges, otherwise applicable to normal Open Access Consumer, and
transmission and wheeling losses @ 10% of the energy fed to the grid.
The wheeling of electricity generated by smaller investors, having only one WTG in the State, to the
desired location(s), shall be allowed on payment of transmission charges, otherwise applicable to normal
open access consumer, and transmission and wheeling losses @7% of the energy fed to the grid.
Wind farm owner desiring to wheel electricity to more than two locations shall pay 5 paise per unit on
energy fed in the grid to concerned Distribution Company in whose area, power is consumed in addition to
above mentioned transmission charges and losses, as applicable
The electricity generated from the WTGs commissioned from 1st April, 2009, may be sold to GUVNL
and/or any Distribution Licensee within the state, at a rate of Rs. 3.50 per unit of electricity for the entire
period of PPA .
GUVNL and / or any Distribution licensee may purchase surplus power from WTGs wheeling power for
their captive use after adjustment of energy against consumption at recipient unit (s) at a rate of 85% of
tariff applicable to WTGs (commissioned in same tariff block) selling power to GUVNL and /or any
Distribution licensee.
GETCO is required to erect evacuation facilities beyond 100 kms between Wind Farm sub-station to
GETCO sub-station
As per the amended Wind Power Policy -2007, GETCO is required to collect Bank Guarantee @ Rs. 5 lacs
per MW based on allotment of transmission capacity and in case the Developer fails to achieve
Commercial Operation within the one year period in case of installed capacity up to 100 MW, two years in
case of installed capacity from 201 MW to 400 MW and three years in case of installed capacity from 401
6
MW to 600 MW, the Bank Guarantee shall be forfeited by GETCO.
Summary of Wind farms in Gujarat
Sr.
No.
1
Description
Capacity of Wind farm in MW
Kutch
Saurashtra
North
Gujarat
804.20
--
1923.60
a) Commissioned wind farm 795.83
551.75
--
1347.58
b) Wind farm to be
commissioned
324.57
252.45
--
577.02
Wind farm capacity and
connectivity approved
1120.40
Total
2
Wind farm capacity
approved but work not
completed by developer
148.00
1550.00
--
1698.00
3
Total Wind farm capacity
already approved (1+2)
1268.40
2354.20
--
3622.60
4
Pending proposals
1925.00
2335.00
650.00
4910.00
7
Existing Wind farms in Gujarat
Sr.
No.
Name of Wind Farms
Name of S/S
Approved
Capacity in MW
Installed
Capacity in MW
1
Shikarpur, Kutch
132 KV Samakhiali
85.4
46.10
2
Shikarpur, Kutch
66 KV Shivlakha
50.0
16.50
3
Changadai, Kutch
66 KV Bayath
25.0
25.00
4
Vanku, Kutch
66 KV Kothara
50.0
47.90
5
Jangi, Kutch
66 KV Samakhiali
100.0
76.50
6
Layja, Kutch
66 KV Don
50.0
37.50
7
Chandrodi, Kutch
66 KV Shivlakha
55.0 + 55.0
26.03
8
Vandhiya, Kutch
220 KV Shivlakha
150.0
75.60
9
Suthari & Sindhori, Kutch
220 KV Nanikhakhar
500.0
444.70
10
Patelka, Jamnagar
66 KV Kalyanpur
15.0
13.73
11
Ukharala, Bhavnagar
66 KV Mamsa
13.2
13.20
12
Mervadar, Junagadh
66 KV Sardargadh
30.0
20.72
13
Bamansa, Jamnagar
132 KV Bhatia
170.0
92.23
14
Navadara, Jamnagar
66 KV Bhatia
45.0
35.88
15
Bhogat, Jamnagar
66 KV Bhatia & Lamba
30.0
24.85
16
Lambha & Gandhavi, Jamnagar
66 KV Bhatia
60.0
54.20
17
Dhank, Junagadh
66 KV Sardargadh
60.0
32.94
18
Okha, Okhamadhi, Jamnagar
66 KV Bhatia
4.0
4.00
19
Samana, Junagadh
220 KV Motipaneli &
Sardargadh
340.0
238.40
20
Kuchhadi, Porbandar
66 KV Bokhira
25.0
21.60
21
Sanodar, Junagadh
66 KV Tansa
12.0
0.00
8
Proposed Wind farms in Gujarat
(Approved and work under progress)
Sr.
No.
Name of Wind Farms
Name of S/S
MW
1
Bita Valadiya, Kutch
66 KV Khedoi
50
2
Bayath, Kutch
66 KV Bayath
18
3
Mithi Rohar, Kutch
66 KV Mithirohar
80
Total in Kutch
148 MW
1
Bojapuri, Rajkot
66 KV Sardhar
70
2
Korana, Rajkot
66 KV Kuvadava
70
3
Pipadia Agaba, Rajkot
66 KV Kagadadi
70
4
Amarsar, Rajkot
66 KV Mahika
70
5
Pipadia Agaba, Rajkot
66 KV Taraghadi
60
6
Pratapgadh, Rajkot
66 KV Bangavadi
60
7
Kotda Nayani, Rajkot
66 KV Jadeshwar
60
8
Momana, Jamnagar
66 KV Morvadi
50
9
Baradiya, Jamnagar
66 KV Varvala
25
10
Wankia, Gondal
66 KV Jasdan-II
50
11
Visavada, Porbandar
66 KV Visavada
9 25
12
Varvala, Jamnagar
66 KV Varvala
35
Contd- Proposed Wind farms in Gujarat
Sr. No.
Name of Wind Farms
Name of S/S
MW
13
Vinjalpur, Jamnagar
66 KV Bhadthar
35
14
Motagunda, Jamnagar
66 KV Motagunda
25
15
Gala, Jamnagar
66 KV Pipartoda
25
16
Rojmal, Bhavnagar
66 KV Gadhada
25
17
Ratabhe, Surendranagar
66 KV Dungarpur
25
18
Kidi, Amreli
66 KV Babra
25
19
Jasdan, Rajkot
132 KV Jasdan
20
Kotdapitha, Amreli
66 KV Kotdapitha
50
21
Tebhada, Jamnagar
66 KV Lalpur
50
22
Tebhada, Jamnagar
66 KV Sonvadia
50
23
Tebhada, Jamnagar
66 KV Samana
55
24
Tebhada, Jamnagar
220 KV Rajkot
300
25
Maliya, Rajkot
132 KV Wankaner
100
26
Varshamedi, Rajkot
66 KV Vajepar
Total in Saurashtra
100
40
1550
10
Proposed Wind farms in Gujarat
Not approved wind farm projects)
Name of Wind Farms
Sr. No.
Name of S/S as per proposal
MW
1
Kutch Belt
400 KV Halvad
2
Khodasar, Kutch
66 KV Shivlakha
100
3
Adesar, Kutch
66 KV Bhimasar
25
4
Vinjahan, Kutch
66 KV Gsdhshisa
50
5
Ghunai, Kutch
66 KV Dahisara
50
6
Mothala, Kutch
66 KV Mothala
50
7
Suthari, Kutch
--
300
8
Adesar, Kutch
66 KV Bhimasar
100
9
Vandhiya, Kutch
220 KV Shivlakha
150
10
Naliya Timba, Kutch
66 KV Pragpar
50
11
Shivlakha, Kutch
66 KV Shivlakha
50
1000
Total in Kutch-1925 MW
1
Thala, Surendranagar
220 KV Dhrangadhra
2
Chotila, Surendranagar
66 KV Mahika
50
3
Gorser, Porbandar
66 KV Madhavpur
25
4
Samana, Jamnagar
220 KV Jetpur
270
5
Jamjodhpur, Jamnagar
220 KV Sardargadh
180
6
Charbara, Jamnagar
66 KV Vadatara
50
7
Sultanpur, Jamnagar
66 KV Babarzar
70
8
Datha, Bhavnagar
66 KV Datha
9
Matalpur, Bhavnagar
66 KV Bagdana
300
11
100
100
Contd- Proposed Wind farms in Gujarat
Name of Wind Farms
Sr. No.
Name of S/S as per proposal
MW
10
Jesar, Bhavnagar
66 KV Jesar
100
11
Kalmodar, Bhavnagar
66 KV Thadach
100
12
Chotila, Surendranagar
132 KV Jasdan
150
13
Chotila, Surendranagar
132 KV Sitagadh
100
14
Jodiya, Jamnagar
66 KV Dhrol
50
15
Tunkra, Porbandar
66 KV Chhaya
30
16
Mandasar, Rajkot
132 KV Sitagadh
17
Matel, Rajkot
66 KV Lalpar
50
18
Kidi, Surendranagar
66 KV Malaniyad
40
19
Ghanshyamgadh, S’nagar
66 KV Ghanshyamgadh
50
20
Vekariya, Junagadh
66 KV Vekariya
50
21
Vinchiya, Jamnagar
66 KV Vinchiya
50
22
Jasdan, Jamnagar
66 KV Jasdan-II
50
23
Pipartoda, Jamnagar
66 KV Pipartoda
50
24*
Khambhalia, Jamnagar
132 KV Khambhalia
25*
Sarpadar, Jamnagar
--
Total in Saurashtra
150
100
70
2335 MW
1
Asara, Banaskantha
220 KV Radhanpur
300
2*
Kudalia, Banaskantha
220 KV Tharad
300
3
Khardol, Banaskantha
66 KV Tithgam
Total North Gujarat
12
50
650 MW
Wind Energy
Growing concern for the environmental degradation has led to the
world’s interest in renewable energy resources. Wind is
commercially and operationally the most viable renewable energy
resource and accordingly, emerging as one of the largest source in
terms of the renewable energy sector.
Wind is the natural movement of air across the land or sea. Wind is
caused by uneven heating and cooling of the earth’s surface and by
the earth’s rotation. Land and water areas absorb and release
different amount of heat received from the sun. As warm air rises,
cooler air rushes in to take its place, causing local winds. The
rotation of the earth changes the direction of the flow of air.
This type of energy harnesses the power of the wind to propel the
blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of
magnets, which creates electricity.
13
Wind Energy
Wind Energy as a source of electricity has following advantages:








Wind power produces no water or air pollution that can contaminate
the environment,
Power from the wind does not contribute to global warming
because it does not generate greenhouse gases,
Wind generation is a renewable source of energy, which means
that we will never run out of it. Fuel source is free, abundant and
inexhaustible,
Extremely low operating cost,
Less commissioning period,
Creates employment, regional growth and innovation,
Reduces poverty through improved energy access,
It is very good as a fuel saver.
14
Wind Energy
At the same time, wind has some peculiar characteristics :





Wind is unpredictable; therefore, wind power is not predictably
available. When the wind speed decreases less electricity is
generated. This makes wind power unsuitable for base load
generation.
Limited control or no control on generation.
Drastic variation in generation due to variation in wind speed.
(As shown in the graph).
Electricity produced by wind power sometimes fluctuates in
voltage and power factor, which can cause difficulties in linking its
power to a utility system.
Because winds do not blow strongly enough to produce power all
the time, energy from wind machines is considered “intermittent,”
that is, it comes and goes. Thus, the average plant load factor of
wind generators is very low to the tune of 15-20%. Therefore,
utility companies can use it for only part of their total energy
needs.
15
Wind Energy







The maximum wind generation is available during monsoon / offpeak period of the year when the total system demand crashes
by about 40-50% and it becomes very difficult for the load
dispatcher to handle the system effectively. In other words, it can
be said that the wind energy is available in abundance when not
needed and not available when needed most.
Wind energy being green power and excessively available in
monsoon, the load dispatcher is compelled to back down even
the cheaper, firm and reliable power from thermal and hydro
power stations.
Depends upon wind velocity.
Geographical locations , potential of wind.
Limited potential area.
Proximity to the load centre.
In Gujarat, Kutch & Saurashtra are identified has a good potential
of wind energy.
16
Wind Farm Generation for year 2007-08
Generation
Share in
KWh
KVARh
drawn
by
WF
PLF
Nos. of
WF
Total Capacity of
WF in MW
Apr-07
364
577.065
46287354
210686
46076668
4340350
11.09%
May-07
376
605.565
93069067
122842
92946225
6667212
21.32%
Jun-07
385
634.065
89018912
264411
88754501
9701941
19.44%
Jul-07
391
642.515
99643719
118285
99525434
8396931
21.51%
Aug-07
388
627.765
129965367
180472
129784895
9272773
28.71%
Sep-07
436
744.665
53789463
605211
53184252
2593638
9.92%
Oct-07
442
784.365
27718695
552883
27165812
1887109
4.81%
Nov-07
444
790.965
42632739
737356
41895383
2198858
7.36%
Dec-07
447
800.265
111147009
400316
110746693
5601815
19.22%
Jan-08
457
886.545
116619170
273686
116345484
5255473
18.23%
Feb-08
464
955.07
98086800
448216
97638584
4658970
14.20%
Mar-08
532
1185.145
122875316
646763
122228553
5864690
14.32%
427.167
769.4996
1030853611
4561127
1026292484
66439760
15.23%
Month
Total
KWh exported
by GEB
Share of
Electricity in
KWh
17
Wind Farm Generation for the year 2008-09
Month
Nos. of
WF
Total
Capacity
of WF in
MW
Generation
Share
in KWh
KWh
export
ed by
GEB
Share of
Electricity
in KWh
KVARh
drawn
by WF
PLF
Apr-08
533
1190.745
104559255
302460
104256795
3696991
12.16%
May-08
534
1197.395
300960710
133629
300827081
14928605
34.89%
Jun-08
538
1238.655
314187928
241993
313945935
18651514
35.20%
Jul-08
533
1234.255
270744515
214470
270530045
18502400
30.44%
Aug-08
537
1242.255
243055282
364994
242690288
13050890
27.13%
Sep-08
548
1346.505
170767145
724145
170043000
4982236
17.54%
Oct-08
549
1351.205
57047080
1206331
55840749
1627660
5.74%
Nov-08
549
1365.305
128661753
1081498
127580255
4588240
12.98%
Dec-08
550
1380.305
176665649
718690
175946959
6392367
17.70%
18
Wind energy variation graph
Wind Energy - Variation over a day
800
700
600
MW
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hrs
30-May-08
31-May-08
01-Jun-08
02-Jun-08
19
Wind energy variation graph
Wind Energy - Variation over a day
700
600
MW
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hrs
20
05-Jun-08
30-JULY-08
02-Aug-08
03-Aug-08
Wind Generation on 19-11-08
WIND GENERATION FOR THE DATE 19.11.2008
700
GENERATION IN MW
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOUR
21
WIND GEN IN MW
WIND FARM GENERATION OF 19-11-08 V/S
FREQ
GENERATION
WIND FARM GENERATION WITH FREQUENCY
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
50.00
49.80
49.60
49.40
49.20
49.00
48.80
48.60
22
ENERGY FOR 2007
MONTH
MAX (MW)
MIN(MW)
Wind EnrgyMus
Total Catered
(Mus)
% OF W/D
Jan-07
154
1
34
5480
0.62
Feb-07
127
0
19
5002
0.39
Mar-07
124
0
28
5686
0.49
Apr-07
205
0
39
5778
0.67
May-07
281
4
88
5812
1.52
Jun-07
410
0
85
5246
1.63
Jul-07
397
2
123
4842
2.53
Aug-07
445
0
116
4675
2.49
Sep-07
265
0
48
5034
0.96
Oct-07
338
0
44
6139
0.71
Nov-07
169
0
32
5675
0.56
Dec-07
495
0
125
6010
2.08
AVERAGE ANNUAL % OF WIND ENERGY
1.22
23
ENERGY FOR 2008
MONTH
MAX (MW)
MIN(MW)
Wind EnrgyMus
Total Catered
(Mus)
% OF W/D
Jan-08
468
0
114
5832
1.96
Feb-08
578
1
99
5465
1.81
Mar-08
582
0
102
6059
1.69
Apr-08
619
2
128
5870
2.17
May-08
792
11
339
6264
5.42
Jun-08
804
0
269
5579
4.83
Jul-08
858
22
281
5474
5.12
Aug-08
812
5
225
4927
4.57
Sep-08
594
0
146
5389
2.71
Oct-08
431
1
67
6167
1.09
Nov-08
766
1
160
5831
2.75
Dec-08
637
0
148
5867
2.52
AVERAGE ANNUAL % OF WIND ENERGY
3.05
24
51.00
7000
50.50
6000
50.00
5000
49.50
4000
49.00
3000
48.50
2000
48.00
1000
47.50
0
Energy-Mus
Freq.(Hz.)
MONTHLY ENERGY CATERED & FREQUENCY
Max Freq.
Min Freq.
Monthly Energy -Mus
Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08
Month
25
Max Volt.
Min Volt
Wind Energy Mus
245
18
16
14
12
10
240
Voltage
235
230
225
8
6
4
2
0
220
215
210
205
Wind Energy-Mus
Voltage of 220kV Anjar & Wind Energy for the Month Jun-08
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Date
26
Max Volt.
Min Volt
Wind Energy Mus
245
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
240
Voltage
235
230
225
220
215
210
205
Wind Energy-Mus
Voltage of 220kV Anjar & Wind Energy for the Month Jul-08
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Date
27
240
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Voltage
235
230
225
220
215
210
Wind Energy-Mus
Voltage of 220kV Anjar & Wind Energy for the Month Aug-08
Max Volt.
Min Volt
Wind Energy Mus
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Date
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Wind Energy-Mus
Voltage
Voltage of 220kV Anjar & Wind Energy for the Month Sept.-08
Max Volt.
Min Volt
Wind Energy Mus
2
0
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Date
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Integration with grid
There are number of unresolved technical, institutional and regulatory
questions concerning distributed generation in general and wind
generation in particular.
On the technical level, major barriers are..
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Novelty and unfamiliarity of distributed technologies.
Lack of substantial field experience with these technologies.
Costs and complexity associated with thorough engineering
evaluations.
Weak evacuations network as well as onward transmission
networks.
Less availability of evacuations corridors.
Less consumptions in local area due to wide variation in load due to
variable load in agriculture, less and variable industrial demand and
low demand on staggering day.
Variable local load pattern leads to overloading of transformers and
main transmission lines which requires high capacity of
strengthening of transmission network.
Average PLF observed 15-20% which leads to inefficient occupation
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of transformer capacity and non utilization of infrastructures.
Electrical grid
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Electrical power grid is an unique one in which generation and
demands are balanced instantaneously and continuously.
Fluctuations in power consumed by the consumers and variations
in uncontrolled generators are compensated by the controlled
generators.
When generation equal to load, frequency operates at 50 Hz.
Variation in frequency indicates rise of load or generation vice
versa is term as a balancing.
In the grid system, it is not necessary for compensating each and
every variation from individual consumers / generators.
Only aggregate variation in the control area is balanced.
Aggregation is the powerful tools with the power system
operators.
When wind power plants are introduced into the power system, an
additional source of variation is added to the already variable
nature of system.
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Load-Generation balance
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In large interconnected system, load generation is reflected with
change in tie line flows.
In a small system, load generation balance is reflected with variation in
frequency.
Variation in frequency is limiting factor for capacity addition of the wind
farms.
In predominantly hydro and gas generation system with good ramp
rate will be positive factor, helping for compensating variation of wind
generation.
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Balancing
Balancing in power system occurs over wide time frames:
 Years in advance : Enough generation has to be planned and built so
that there is sufficient capacity available to meet load requirements
 Day Ahead : Select which available generator can reliably meet
expected requirements at lowest cost.
 Real Time : Real time balancing can be obtained by two different
methodology:
• Load Following (Backing down)
• Load Regulation (Load Shedding)
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Balancing by Load Following
Load following requirement are highly correlated ….
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24 hours power supply to rural under JGY scheme.
24 hours power supply to urban area.
8 hours committed agriculture supply in various groups.
High demand during summer due to domestic & commercial
cooling load.
High demand agriculture demand during Ravi crop.
Demand variation due to festival & seasons.
Load demand during morning & evening peak.
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Balancing by Load Regulations
Load Regulation requirement are correlated by….
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Availability of generation on bar.
Ramping rate of generating stations.
Variable cost of generating stations.
Technical Minimum of generating stations.
Peak and off peak demand, required generation to be kept in
reserve.
The random variation in demand OR generation is adjusted
instantaneously by primary response generators.
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Grid operation with Wind Generation
Scenario 1:
An increase in load along with increase in wind generation OR drop
in load along with drop of wind generation – Additional generation
required for frequency maintenance is less.
System Operator:
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It is a safe operation for grid operators.
Most favorable condition for grid operators.
During evening peak, maximum wind energy available and it
helps to meet peak demand.
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Grid operation with Wind Generation
Scenario 2(A) :
A drop in load along with increase in wind generation.
System Operator:
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Backing down of other generators.
High Voltage problem and switching off lines. System operation
with critical loading.
If local load is very low, overloading of associated transmission
lines.
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GETCO grid operation with Wind Generation
Scenario 2(A) :
A drop in load along with increase in wind generation .
System Operator:
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When load is very low and wind generation is maximum,
system operator has to back down cheaper generation at
Panandhro and Akrimota to control loading of 220 KV SivlakhaMorbi line.
In case of contingency of tripping of either Morbi-Sivlakha OR
Anjar-Deodar OR Sivlakha-Sankhari lines, total generation at
Panadhro and Akrimota affected badly.
In Kutch area, due to high wind energy generation, voltage
remains high causing frequent failure of lines disturbing
parameters while synchronizing, delaying in synchronization.
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Grid operation with Wind Generation
Scenario 2(B) :
An increase in load along with drop in wind generation .
System Operator :
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Increasing load along with decrease in wind generation is a
very critical nature of situation for system operator.
Additional generation is to be brought into system very quickly.
If no generation available, heavy load shading to be resorted.
If frequency permits, overdrawl at that prevailing rate.
Requisition of costly generation i.e. on SPOT gas , Naphtha if
available
Remedies :
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Additional generation capacity is required for maintenance of
load generation balancing especially gas based and 40
hydro
based.
Power Quality with Wind Generation
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Generally it is believed that with increase in wind generation, the power
quality suffers.
Main power quality problems are:
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Voltage Regulation,
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Harmonics.
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Old WTG machines with induction generators have not been required
to participate in system voltage regulation. Their reactive power
demand are compensated by switched shunt capacitors.
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New WTG machines with variable frequency drives have inherent
control of reactive power output and can participate in voltage
regulation.
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If wind farm is far from generation source, high voltage witnessed
near to wind farms with increase in wind generation.
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The variable frequency generators in WTGs use AC-DC converter for
connection with Grid, which increases the Harmonics level in the
system.
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Wind Penetration
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Energy penetration is the ratio of the amount of energy delivered from
the wind generation to the total energy delivered. For example, if 200
megawatthours (MWh) of wind energy is supplied and 1,000 MWh is
consumed during the same period, wind’s energy penetration is 20%.
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Capacity Penetration is the ratio of the nameplate rating of the wind
plant capacity to the peak load. For example, if a 300-MW wind plant is
operating in a zone with a 1,000-MW peak load, the capacity penetration
is 30 %. The capacity penetration is related to the energy penetration by
the ratio of the system load factor to the wind plant capacity factor. Say
that the system load factor is 60% and the wind plant capacity factor is
40%. In this case, and with an energy penetration of 20%, the capacity
penetration would be 20% x 0.6/0.4, or 30%.
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Instantaneous penetration is the ratio of wind plant output to load at a
specific point in time, or over a short period of time.
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Conclusion
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If the share of wind generation instantaneous penetration at any point of
time is excessively high compared to the total system demand, then,
following new operating methodology need to be adopted for ensuing
reliability and stability of system:
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Methodology for accurate long term & short term forecasting.
Real time data from wind farm to system operator to be made
available for effective grid operation.
Reserve capacity with high ramp up generators such as a hydro
and gas shall be kept.
All wind energy generation be brought under regulations of ABT
which means elimination of generation in case of high frequency
or system constraints.
Reinforcement of main transmission network and power corridors.
Augmentation and reinforcement of voltage regulating equipments
such as reactors, switched capacitors including FACTS devices.
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Thank you
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