Transcript watersketch - Astra

Some implications of coastal zone utilization
and management in Estonia
2nd International ASTRA Conference
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
AND FLOOD RISKS IN COASTAL AREAS
October 26-28, 2006
Gdansk Oliwa, Poland
Valdeko Palginõmm, Are Kont
Entec Ltd., Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University
Overview
1 Saaremaa Island as a model of Estonia
2 Historical background
3 Current state of coastal zone land use
4 Coastal zone management
5 Recent activities in the frameworks of ASTRA and
future perspectives
07/07/15
2
Saaremaa Island as a model
of Estonia
Saaremaa Island – the focal test area of our research
group within the frameworks of the ASTRA project can
be considered a small model of Estonia, where the shore
types, development of coastal settlements and the
history of human impact on the seashores are quite
similar to that in Estonia in general
The fourth largest island in the Baltic Sea after Sjaelland,
Gotland and Fyn
2.673 km2 in area; population 35.076 Jan. 2006 est.;
13,1 inhabitants per km2
07/07/15
3
Saaremaa Island as a model
of Estonia
07/07/15
4
Saaremaa Island as a model
of Estonia
Tectonic and isostatic land uplift ranging between 1 … 2.5 mm per
year
Coastal zone topography, sedimentary rocks (limestone and
dolomite), unconsolidated deposits (sand, gravel, pebble, till, varved
clay etc.) and offshore hydrology have resulted in the formation of a
diverse range of shore types
07/07/15
5
Saaremaa Island as a model
of Estonia
Shore types by K.Orviku
07/07/15
6
Historical background
Centuries-old human land use has played an important
role in the formation of the present-day coastal
landscape of Saaremaa
According to archaeological findings, the territory of
Saaremaa has been inhabited at least five thousand
years
According to historical documents, many of the coastal
areas of Estonia have been permanently inhabited since
at least the 13th century. The main traditional economic
activities that have supported human life on the coast
have been fishing, seal hunting, agriculture, and rarely
forestry
07/07/15
7
Historical background
Since 1227 through 1918, Saaremaa like the whole territory of
Estonia was under the rule of different countries and powers
(Germans, Danes, Swedes and Russians)
In the Middle Ages, the land in Estonia belonged to manors in
general. Unlike the mainland, the communal form of land use was
preserved on Saaremaa and some other islands until the
expropriation of manors in 1919
The cultivated fields were divided into parcels of different size and
shape. The partition of the cultivated fields, which belonged to the
village, reflected the democratic traditions of the village community.
The village allocated a portion of each soil type to each household.
Every household was supposed to have equal rights to use the land
07/07/15
8
Saaremaa Island as a model
of Estonia
07/07/15
9
Historical background
Kõinasti Island
1687/1688
07/07/15
10
Historical background
Favorable climatic conditions and geographical isolation
had fostered the island to become one of the most
densely populated areas in Estonia until the Soviet
occupation and the beginning of World War II. It was a
typical agrarian region with about 10.000 farms. About
60.000 inhabitants were living in Saaremaa by the end of
the first Estonian Republic in 1940
Due to lack of new land naturally suitable for cultivation,
the majority of the fields have been in the same place for
centuries
07/07/15
11
Saaremaa Island as a model
of Estonia
07/07/15
12
17. sajandi
1770 lõpp
19. sajandi algus
1800
maakattetüüp
0
0 .5
1
km
07/07/15
1900
metsamaa
põõsastik
rohumaa põõsastega
rohumaa
roostik
hõreda taimkattega ala
taimkatteta
põllumaa
õueaiamaa
ajutine järvik
Maps of land cover units on
Vilsandi Island
by U.Ratas and R.Rivis
13
Historical background
The events in summer 1940 interrupted everything that had
been achieved. Soviet occupation and first deportation of local
people to Siberia was followed by WWII
After the end of the war in 1945, the Soviet occupation
continued for nearly half a century. Due to the location on the
western border of the huge territory of the former U.S.S.R., the
whole island was proclaimed a restriction zone with strict
limitation for navigation and even for moving around on the
land
As a result, the population of Saaremaa decreased by one third,
being about 40.000 inhabitants by the end of the war, and this
figure has even reduced up now
07/07/15
14
Historical background
The traditional way of living was completely destroyed. Small
villages, farms and enterprises were replaced by big ones. The
areas where it was not possible lost their interest in terms of
economic development, and were neglected completely
The appearance of the coastal areas changed because they
remained out of traditional land use
The main trends of changes in coastal land cover are as
follows: natural seashore grasslands turned to shrubberies or
reed beds, wooded meadows and small fields to forest
07/07/15
15
17. sajandi
1770 lõpp
1960
19. sajandi algus
1990
1800
maakattetüüp
0
0 .5
1
km
1900
0
Maps of land cover units on
Vilsandi Island by U.Ratas
and R.Rivis
0. 5
km
07/07/15
metsamaa
põõsastik
rohumaa põõsastega
rohumaa
roostik
hõreda taimkattega ala
taimkatteta
põllumaa
CORINE
õueaiamaa
ajutine järvik
1
16
100%
90%
80%
smalljärvik
lake
ajutine
70%
farm
õue-aiamaa
field
põllumaa
reed-bed
bare ground
hõreda taimkattega ala
grassland
rohumaa
grassland
rohumaa
põõsastega
with shrubs
põõsastik
shrubbery
forest
metsamaa
60%
roostik
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1700
1800
1900
1960
1990
Land cover changes on Vilsandi Island in 1700-1990
07/07/15
(U.Ratas, R.Rivis)
17
Current state of coastal zone
land use
A new stage of development started after regaining
independence in the beginning of the 1990s
Some negative tendencies in the land use of coastal
areas over the last decade
•
•
•
•
•
07/07/15
Privatization of costal areas, particularly to foreigners
Restricted access to the shoreline
Tendency of building summer cottages too near to the shoreline
Discordance of existing legislation with nowadays needs
Missing long-term strategies in coastal zone management
18
Current state of coastal zone
land use
Some negative tendencies in the land use of coastal
areas over the last decade
•
•
•
•
•
07/07/15
Privatization of costal areas, particularly to foreigners
Restricted access to the shoreline
Tendency of building summer cottages too near to the shoreline
Discordance of existing legislation with nowadays needs
Missing long-term strategies in coastal zone management
19
Current state of coastal zone
land use
Some negative tendencies in the land use of coastal
areas over the last decade
•
•
•
•
•
07/07/15
Privatization of costal areas, particularly to foreigners
Restricted access to the shoreline
Tendency of building summer cottages too near to the shoreline
Discordance of existing legislation with nowadays needs
Missing long-term strategies in coastal zone management
20
Current state of coastal zone
land use
Photos by
V. Palginõmm
07/07/15
21
Current state of coastal zone
land use
Some negative tendencies in the land use of coastal
areas over the last decade
• Privatization of costal areas, particularly to foreigners
• Restricted access to the shoreline
• Tendency of building summer cottages too near to the
shoreline
• Discordance of existing legislation with nowadays needs
• Missing long-term strategies in coastal zone management
07/07/15
22
Current state of coastal zone
land use
Photos by K. Orviku
07/07/15
23
Current state of coastal zone
land use
Some negative tendencies in the land use of coastal
areas over the last decade
•
•
•
•
•
07/07/15
Privatization of costal areas, particularly to foreigners
Restricted access to the shoreline
Tendency of building summer cottages too near to the shoreline
Discordance of existing legislation with nowadays needs
Missing long-term strategies in coastal zone management
24
Current state of coastal zone
land use
200 m restriction
zone for erecting
buildings on
Saaremaa. Conflict
of that prescription
with the existing
roads network
07/07/15
25
Current state of coastal zone
land use
Some negative tendencies in the land use of coastal
areas over the last decade
•
•
•
•
•
07/07/15
Privatization of costal areas, particularly to foreigners
Restricted access to the shoreline
Tendency of building summer cottages too near to the shoreline
Discordance of existing legislation with nowadays needs
Missing long-term strategies in coastal zone management
26
Coastal zone management
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) as a
systematic activity is missing today in Estonia
A few local authorities in Saaremaa (Kuressaare, Leisi
and Ruhnu) have managed to compile a comprehensive
plan of the municipalities, and to establish regulations for
construction on the coast
Many local authorities cannot keep up with the very fast
general economic progress proceeding in Estonia today
The attitude of local authorities and developersstakeholders towards the sea has not changed during
the 15 years of independence in Estonia
07/07/15
27
Recent activities in the
frameworks of ASTRA
The first attempts have been done to systemize the
existing datasets and to create new ones using MapInfo
software
Division of the coastal area into constituent parts with
differing regimes of utilization within the limits
recommended by HELCOM, i.e. 3 km inland and 300 m
towards the sea from the mean shoreline
Distinction of the following zones:
• From shoreline to nearest public road
• From nearest to the shore public road to 3 km limit
• From shoreline to conventional line connecting capes and
islands
• From conventional line to the open sea
07/07/15
28
Recent activities in the
frameworks of ASTRA
inimeste tihedus km2 kohta
20 to 1 000
10 to
20
5 to
10
2 to
5
1 to
2
0 to
1
07/07/15
(23)
(37)
(74)
(86)
(30)
(41)
29
Recent activities in the
frameworks of ASTRA
Nature reserves,
breeding grounds
for birds, sites of
valuable plant
communities etc.
07/07/15
30
07/07/15
31
Thank you!
Valdeko Palginõmm
Rüütli 2, 80011 Pärnu, Estonia
Telephone: +372 4476025
Email: [email protected]
Are Kont
Uus-Sadama 5, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
Telephone: +372 7376387
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://www.tlu.ee/geo2/astra/
07/07/15
32