Matter

:

anything that takes up space & has mass

Energy

:

ability to do work (effects matter)

ENERGY

Kinetic energy

: energy of motion

Potential energy

energy : stored (inactive)

Electrical energy

: movement of charged particles

Chemical energy

: energy of bonds (stored within molecules)

Mechanical energy

: energy used to move

Radiant energy

light) : electromagnetic energy (x-rays, heat,

COMPOSITION OF MATTER

All matter is composed of

elements

.

Each element is composed of the same

atoms

.

Atoms have: 

Protons (p + )

: positive charge 

Neutrons (n)

: neutral 

Electrons (e )

: negative charge The most abundant elements in the human body are (in order): Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)

Molecules

:

2 or more identical atoms chemically combined

Compound

:

2 or more different atoms chemically combined

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

C O V A L E N T B O N D S

Electrons are shared (either equally or not equally) Ex: H 2 , O 2 or C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)

I O N I C B O N D S

Electrons are transferred between atoms (one atom gives e , the other receives e ) Ex: salts like NaCl (sodium chloride)

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/02_06_stable_arrangement.jpg

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

Hydrogen bonds

of another compound. : a bond between a hydrogen of one compound to a nitrogen or oxygen TWO different compounds are involved!

Ex: 2 water molecules http://www.google.com/imgres ?

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

S Y N T H E S I S : Anabolic

bonds ; to make or create; to build up; these reactions make chemical Require energy A + B  AB

D E C O M P O S I T I O N : Catabolic

bonds. ; to break down or decompose; these reactions break chemical Release energy AB  A + B

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

E X C H A N G E

: Both synthesis & decomposition; parts of 2 compounds switch (exchange) places.

R E V E R S I B L E

: Reactions that can go in both directions.

A + B ↔ AB AB + CD  AC + BD

BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIVING MATTER

I N O R G A N I C

:  Molecules that lack C (except CO and CO 2 )

O R G A N I C

:  Molecules that contain C (& usually H & O)  Include: salts, water, CO 2 , and many acids & bases  Include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• • • •

Water

: most abundant inorganic compound in the body.

Important b/c Maintains body temperature (has

high heat capacity

) Dissolves many substances (

solvent of life

) Most chemical reactions occur in water (chemical reactivity) Water protects and cushions (CSF, fetus) • •

Salts

: ionic compounds ; are electrolytes . Important b/c Transport substances in and out of cell Conduct nerve & muscle impulses

ACIDS AND BASES

When electrolytes release more H+ (ions) than OH- (ions), the resulting solution is an

acid

while more OH- than H+, it is a

base

.

Acidity

is measured based on the concentration ([ ]) of H+ and OH-.

These are inversely proportionate: increased [H+]=decreased [OH-].

The measurement is a scale called the

pH scale

. It ranges from 0-14 , with 7 being neutral (water). The scale: Acids= high [H+] , low [OH-], 0-6= acidic Ex: HCl Bases= low [H+], high [OH-], 8-14=basic or alkaline Ex: NaOH Neutral= [H+]=[OH-], 7, water Buffers: maintain the stability of acids-bases within the body. by taking up excess H+ or OH-.

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http://www.google.com/imgres ?

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http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/cell20me mbrane.jpg

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CARBOHYDRATES

• Contain C, H, & O in a fixed ratio (2 H for every 1 C and 1 O).

• Known as sugars • Three categories:

Monosaccharides

are simple sugars (1 sugar: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

a.k.a. blood sugar

, fructose & galactose

Disaccharides

are double sugars: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar) & maltose (malt sugar)

Polysaccharides

are many sugars: starch and glycogen

LIPIDS

• Contain C, H, & O but not in a fixed ratio.

• Do NOT dissolve in H 2 O; but dissolve ( soluble ) in ether and chloroform

Fats

( most common lipids) store energy carbs gram for gram); ex: triglyceride glycerol) (supply more than (3 fatty acids & 1  can be

saturated

or

unsaturated Phospholipids

are major constituent of cell membranes; contain 2 parts:

hydrophilic

(meaning water loving or H 2 O soluble) and

hydrophobic

insoluble in H 2 O).

(meaning water fearing or

Steroids:

simplest & most important is

cholesterol

(found in all body cells and used to synthesize hormones & other steroids) .

PROTEINS

• Composed of

amino acids

; contain C, H, O, N & sometimes S • Provide structural materials, energy sources, hormones, & enzymes in which their structure determines their fcn . • Most have a 3D shape that can be

denatured

, or destroyed electricity , easily by high temperatures, pH, radiation, or .

Glycoproteins

are proteins w/ carbs, on cells, act as receptors for chemical messages & recognition .

Antibodies

protect against foreign bodies (invaders).

Enzymes

in chemical rxns are not part of the rxns ( are not consumed catalysts ).

but

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• • • large and complex molecules that contain C, H, N, O and P Composed of

nucleotides

( building blocks ).

Nucleotides contain: a 5-C sugar (called a

pentose

), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil) 2 groups:

1. RNA (ribonucleic acid)

: stranded molecule sugar is a ribose; single

2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

without an O; double stranded molecule; molecular code of life : sugar is a ribose

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif

This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran, Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.

Used with her personal permission, adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting, Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.