Transcript Chapter 13

CHAPTER 13
URBAN
PATTERNS
DOWNTOWN LOS ANGELES
KEY ISSUE 1
WHERE HAVE URBAN AREAS GROWN?
URBAN SETTLEMENTS
• Urbanization: The process by which the
population of cities grows
• Two Dimension:
• Increasing urban percentage
• Increasing urban populations
• Defining urban settlements
• Social differences between urban and rural settlements
• Physical definitions of urban settlements
PERCENT URBAN POPULATION
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than
in LDCs.
INCREASING PERCENTAGE
OF PEOPLE IN CITIES
Percentage of people living in cities is increasing
Percentage of Urban Population
1800
3%
1850
6%
1900
14%
1950
30%
2000
47%
INCREASING PERCENTAGE
OF PEOPLE IN CITIES
• In MDCs, ¾ of people live in urban
areas
• In LDCs, 2/5 of people live in urban
areas
• Urban population of Latin America is
the exception
• Large percentage of population live in
urban areas
INCREASING PERCENTAGE
OF PEOPLE IN CITIES
• High percentage of urban dwellers in
MDCs
• Industrial Revolution, 19th Century
• Migration from farm work to factories &
services in urban areas
• Growth of Services, 20th Century
• Rising employment in manufacturing &
services
• Decrease in rural population
INCREASING PERCENTAGE
OF PEOPLE IN CITIES
• Urbanization of MDCs has mostly
ended
• Cannot increase much more
• Nearly everyone interested in
urban areas have already
migrated
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INCREASING PERCENTAGE
OF PEOPLE IN CITIES
• Percentage is increasing in LDCs
• Migration looking for jobs in
manufacturing/services
• Pushed off farms b/c lack of
opportunities
INCREASING NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN
CITIES
• MDCs have higher percentage of urban
residents
• LDCs have more very large urban
settlements
• (most populous cities are in LDCs)
• In 1900, most populous cities were due to
industrialization
• Today, migration & NIR is responsible for
rapid growth of cities in LDCs
LARGE CITIES
Fig. 13-2: Cities with 3 million or more people.
Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.
PERCENT URBAN BY REGION
Fig. 13-2b: Over 70% of people in MDCs live in urban areas. Although under half of the
people in most of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are urban, Latin America and
the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.
DEFINING URBAN SETTLEMENTS
• Can be difficult to delineate
boundaries between urban and rural
• Social Differences between Urban &
Rural Settlements
• Large Size: you don’t know most people in
city
• High Density: specialization of jobs
• Social Heterogeneity: large variety of
people
PHYSICIAL DEFINITIONS
OF URBAN SETTLEMETNS
• Past: easy to define because walls around cities
• Legal definition: legally incorporated into an
independent self-governing unit (boundaries,
elected officials, taxes)
• Urbanized Area: central city & sububrbs
• Metropolitan Statistical Area: an area that extends
beyond city & suburbs. For example: surrounding
counties
DC METRO AREA (DMV)
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
• Urbanized area with population of +50,000
• County within which city is located
• Adjacent counties with large percentage of
residents working in central city’s county
• Micropolitan Statistical Areas: smaller urban areas of
10,000-50,000 inhabitants
OVERLAPPING METROPOLITAN AREAS
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MEGALOPOLIS
A county between two central cities
Extends between Boston to DC
US Census combined Baltimore & DC into 1 area,
but then re-divided them because of distinct
characteristics
MEGALOPOLIS
Fig. 13-4: The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about
one-quarter of U.S. population.
KEY ISSUE 2
• Where are people distributed within Urban Areas?
• Three models of urban structure
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Concentric zone model
Sector model
Multiple nuclei model
Geographic applications
• Use of the models outside North America
• European cities
• Less developed countries
URBAN STRUCTURE
• Three Models of Urban Structure
• Explain where diff types of people tend to live in
urban area
• Developed in Chicago
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
• Burgess Model: important to remember this name
• A city grows outward from a central area in
concentric rings, like tree growth
• Size of rings vary
• Inner Ring: CBD (non-residential)
• Second Ring: industry & poor housing (immigrants)
• Third Ring: working class
• Fourth Zone: newer, spacious houses, middle class
• Fifth zone: commuter zone
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding
the CBD.
SECTOR MODEL
• Hoyt’s Model of urban structure, 1939
• Cities develop in a series of sectors, not rings
• Certain areas are more attractive for certain
purposes
• City expands in wedges
• Hoyt & Burgess believe their model fits Chicago
• Hoyt argues that sector is proven by Lake Michigan
providing most desired housing area
SECTOR MODEL
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors
extending out from the CBD.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
• Harris & Ullman, 1945
• City is a complex structure that includes more than
one center
• Ex: port, business center, university, airport, etc
• Some activities attracted to certain regions
• Airport attracts hotels, University attracts residents,
book stores
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers,
around which different people and activities cluster.
GEOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS
OF THE 3 MODELS
Help us understand who lives where & why
Need data for models
Census, every 10yrs
Urban areas in US divided into census tracts: 5,000
residents & match neighborhood boundaries
• Census Bureau summarizes characteristics of each
tract
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• Critics argue models are too simplistic
• Based on conditions that existed between world
wars
SOCIAL AREA ANALYSIS
• Spatial distribution of social characteristics are
plotted onto a map
• Allows people to identify where people are most
likely to live
• Concentric Model (Burgess) home-owner likely lives
in an outer ring, a renter in an inner ring
• Sector Theory: higher income home-owner will not
live in same sector as lower income home-owner
• Multiple Nuclei Theory: people of same ethnic
background likely to live near each other
INDIANAPOLIS: PERCENT RENTERS
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of household renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric
zone model.
INDIANAPOLIS: HOUSEHOLD INCOME
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis illustrates the
sector model.
INDIANAPOLIS: ETHNIC PATTERNS
Fig. 13-10: The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple
nuclei model.
USE OF THE MODELS
OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA
• American urban areas differ from elsewhere in the
world
• Social groups in other countries have different
reasons for selecting neighborhoods
EUROPEAN CITIES
• Wealthier people in Euro cities cluster along
sector extending from CBD (similar to US)
• Wealthy cluster in particular areas for various
reason
• Factories, etc cluster in different areas
• Wealthy Euro still live in inner rings, not just
suburbs like US
• Close to shops, restaurants, cafes, etc
• Restored historic buildings
EUROPEAN CITIES
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Europeans in cities don’t have private yards
Have summer/weekend homes in country
Low-income families not likely to live in inner-city
Poor quality housing has been resotred for wealthy
Low-income live in outskirts
Suburbs-crime, violence, drugs
European officials encourage high density suburbs
instead of urban sprawl like US
SOCIAL AREAS IN PARIS
Fig. 13-11: Higher income professionals are likely to live in the center of
Paris, while factory workers tend to live in the suburbs, in
contrast to the pattern of many American cities.
AFRICAN IMMIGRANTS IN PARIS
West African immigrants being removed from an apartment building in
suburban Paris where they are accused of being squatters.
LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
• Wealthy live in center of cities
• poor live in suburbs
• Past European colonial policies leave
mark on development of cities
• 3 stages in LDCs
• Pre-colonial
• European colonial period
• Since independence
PRE-COLONIAL CITIES
• Before Europeans, few cities existed in
Africa, Asia & Latin America
• Most lived in rural settlements
• Cities formed around religious core
• Mosque, cathedral, temple
• Market place
• Government buildings
COLONIAL CITIES
• Europeans expanded existing cities in Africa, Asia,
Latin America
• Colonial services: admin, military, trade
• Housing for colonists
• Native towns often destroyed
• Fes, Morocco: 2 distinct towns: French built their
new, colonial city beside old city
• Delhi vs New Delhi, India
• Saigon (HoChiMinh City), Vietnam: French
destroyed existing city
MEXICO CITY
Fig. 13-12: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today
poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the
west.
MEXICO CITY, OCT. 2006
The Zócalo in downtown Mexico City on Oct. 22, 2006 with 13,000
simultaneous games of chess in order to set a record.
FÈS (FEZ), MOROCCO
Fig. 13-13: The old city in the east has narrow winding streets and dense population. The
French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.
HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM
Fig. 13-14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city
and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.
COLONIAL CITIES
• European districts in LDCs
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Wider streets
public squares
Larger houses surrounded by gardens
Lower density
• Spanish cities in Latin America built by laws
drafted in 1573
• Street plan, centered around church, plaza, walls
around houses, neighborhoods built around a
smaller plaza
LATIN AMERICAN
CITY MODEL
Fig. 13-15: In many Latin American
cities, the wealthy live in
the inner city and in a
sector extending along a
commercial spine.
CITIES SINCE INDEPENDENCE
• LDCs: Millions have migrated to cities to search for
work
• Latin American cities
• Wealthy push out in wedge from center of city
• Water & electricity more available
RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
• High incomes clustered in center & south of city
• Low income in north
• Coincides with access to services: electricity & city
sewers
• Wealthy also situate near scenic views & access to
beach
RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
HIGH & LOW INCOME REGIONS
Fig. 13-16a: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine
along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.
RIO DE JANEIRO
AREAS WITH SEWERS
Fig. 13-16b: High income households are attracted to central areas of Rio partly
because these areas have access to services such as sewers.
SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
• LCS are unable to house growing number of poor
people in cities
• Population increase & migration
• Squatter Settlements: areas outside of cities where
poor people settle. (favelas in Brazil)
• Few services available:
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Water
Sewer
Electricity
Schools
FAVELA IN RIO DE JANEIRO
Many poor immigrants live in squatter settlements, or favelas, many of which are
on the hillsides around Rio.
SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
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Camp on land, sleep on street
Create primate shelters with cardboard
Build up their shacks with misc materials
To improve conditions:
• 1) move illegally into vacant housing
• 2)rent slum housing from landlord
• 33% in Sao Paulo, Brazil
• 85% Addis Ababa, Ethiopia