Transcript PowerPoint-presentation

Events Leading up to World War One.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Show how Germany became “The Enemy”:
a.
Bismarckian friendship w Russia is lost.
b. Moroccan Crisis. Traynor pp 48-49.
c.
Building a strong fleet.
d.
Colonial ambitions.
e.
French Hatred.
Show how the Entente and the Central Powers developed.
a.
France and Russia
b. England and France
c.
England and Russia.
d.
Italian hesitation.
e.
Germany and Austria-Hungary.
f.
Austria-Hungary and Turkey.
Show how enmities grew between the Central Powers and the Entente.
a.
First and Second Balkan War.
b. Why were the Serbs so upset with Austria?
c.
The Arms Race. Charts from IBO Book.
Show how everybody expected a war to come and nobody feared it, on the contrary
welcomed it.
a.
The European 19th century and the disruption of the Power Balance.
b.
War was the way to settle international issues.
c.
Post-Napoleonic Europe couldn’t handle two new states.
Germany becomes an enemy a)
”Á trois in a Europe of five powers”
Bismarck formed his foreign plicy on the assumption that there were five super powers in
Europe (France, Great Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany). Germany would
always have to be allied with two others in order to manage a future conflict.
The lapse of the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia 1890.
In 1887 Bismarck had signed a treaty with Russia in order to prevent them from allying
with France. This was already a bad deal for Russia, not being granted support in an
eventual attack from Austria: Bismarck also instructed the Reichbank to refuse any new
loans to Russia until they allowed Germans to own companies in Russia.
In 1890 it was time to renew this deal, but by then Bismarck was on very bad terms with
the new Kaiser of Germany Wilhelm II. The Kaiser wanted to meet the Czar on his own
and as a consequnce Bismarck resigned as Kansler. The Reinsurance Treaty is never
renewed, the Kaiser wanted to use this event as the reason why Bismarck had to go.
In the years to come Germany will tighten its bonds with Austria-Hungary and the Kaiser
is convinced that Russia is of no concern after the Russo-Japanese War 1905.
Russian strong support to Serbia makes it even more impossible for the Germans to try to
ease the relations with Russia.
France lends Russia the money and tightens the realtions instead.
Germany becomes the enemy b)
Moroccan Crisis (for events see Traynor pp 48-49 and Morris Murphy p175 – 176,
178-179)
From Stefans paper
(http://www.adjunkten.com/stefan/The%20Causes%20of%20WW%201.htm):
“The First Moroccan crises 1905
Germany wanted to break up the Entente but achieved the opposite.
The Germans provoked the crisis during the Russo-Japanese War.
The Germans wanted Russia to appear unable to support France
The Kaiser landed in Tangier.
He publicly supported the Sultan as an independent Monarch.
Perhaps he wanted to stress Germany’s importance.
Make France look weak.
An international conference in Algeciras 1906
All major powers except Austria-Hungary supported France
Germany’s fear of encirclement was strengthened.
Britain, France and Russia solved their colonial disputes.
The Entente was strengthened and Germany appeared as the bully.”
Germany becomes the enemy b)
From Stefan’s material:
“The Second Moroccan Crisis 1911
The French occupied Fez to suppress a revolt.
This indicated that they were about to establish a protectorate.
The Germans sent the gun boat Panther to Agadir.
The felt left aside and once again tried to shatter the Entente.
Germany demanded compensation in French Congo.
Lukewarm support from Austria-Hungary.
The British firmly supported the French.
France established a protectorate in Morocco.
Germany got a small territorial compensation in French Congo.
The impact of the crises.
France became more anti-German.
Britain’s relation to Germany worsened.
The expansion of the German fleet was speeded up.
British-French naval cooperation.
The Entente was further strengthened.”
Germany becomes the enemy c) d).
Builiding a strong fleet and the Weltpolitik.
In 1906 the first Dreadnaught is built, this
makes all other ships useless for military
purposes. This means that a whole new arms
race can start between Germany and GB.
This in combination with the new course the
foreign policy of Germany takes after the
resignition of Bismarck, Weltpolitik, changes
the German international reputation.
GB starts fearing the fact that Germany with a
superiour army and a strong fleet can pose a
serious threat to the British Empire.
It is in this perspective we should try to
understand the consequences of the Moroccan
Crisis.
Germany becomes the enemy e)
Some charts showing the roots of the French fear. These fears will influence
the French the ambitions in the Versailles peace treaty.
Population = soldiers and market, bigger is better.
Wheat is used to bake bread, bread is the base food for soldiers. Germany
had a much bigger agricultural production, but less wheat than France.
Pig Iron, in swedish ”järnmalm” is the fundation of any industrialization, it
is the material used in any production.
Coal is used for military and civil purposes, coal is the fuel to heat houses
and ride the trains. It is also used in the production of steel.
Steel is used to make weapons.
Population in millions France and Germany
70
60
50
Millions
40
France
Germany
30
20
10
0
1851
1881
1890
Year
1913
Out put of Weat 1913 metric tons
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
France
Germany
Pig Iron millions of metric tons
16
14
12
10
France
Germany
8
6
4
2
0
1880
1910
Output of coal million tons
250
200
150
France
100
Germany
50
0
Germany
1890-94
1895-99
France
1900-1904
1905-1909
1910-1914
Output of Steel in tons
16
14
13,7
12
10
France
8
Germany
6,6
6
4
3,4
2
2,2
1,6
0,7
0
1890
1900
1910
Germany becomes the enemy e)
The Franco-Prussian War 1870-71.
France had to pay a huge indemnity of 5 billion gold francs
France lost the ore rich provinces of Alsace-Lorraine see Traynor pp 58-59.
Alsace is German speaking but mentally French, they wanted to reamain there
German culture but their French citizenship. Lorraine is as french as Småland is
Swedish.
French domestic and foreign policies are strongly influenced by the idea of
”revánchism”, the French President 1913 – 1920 Raymond Poincaré is one the
strongest supporter of this idea.
When Germany starts interferring in French policies in Morocco more fuel is added
to the anti-german sentiments.
If these are the sentiments before the war, imagine in what kind of mood the French
are when it is time to settle the scores after world war one.
The Building up of alliances
Two Alliances:
1)
Entente Cordiale, also known as the Tripple Alliance. France, Russia and Great
Britain.
2)
The Central Powers. Germany and Austria-Hungary. Supported by Turkey.
See the handouts from A Banks ”A Military Atlas of the First World War” and pp 26-27 in
Traynor.
Questions:
1.
Based on what you have learned today, was the road set towrds war in Europe after
the Moroccan Crisis?
2.
Did Germany pose an actual threat to France?
3.
Did France provoke Germany and forced them to be hostile against France