Section 1

      Location: Southern Nile River Valley, Present day Sudan AKA: Kush Time Period: 1500 BC-350AD Under Egyptian control from 1500 BC-1100 BC ◦ Adopted Egyptian traditions 730 BC Piankhi conquered Egypt 670 BC conquered by Assyrians forced to leave Egypt

  ◦ ◦ ◦ Meroe ◦ ◦ Capital by 500 BC Center of trade Reasons for Success Location  Access to Mediterranean and Asia Resources  Iron Ore & Timber Traded gold, ivory, animal skins, perfumes, and slaves

 Developed own culture Alphabet (not deciphered) Artistic Freedom Apedemak (Lion Headed warrior god)

   ◦ ◦ Phoenicians 800 BC – 146 BC ◦ ◦ Great power in Northern Africa Empire from Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco to Southern Europe Destroyed by the Romans Rome ~500s AD ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Controlled narrow strip between Mediterranean and Sahara Desert Used land as a granary Spread Christianity Arab Rule ~690s AD Conquered Berbers (nomads) Islam replaced Christianity Arabic replaced Latin Cairo, Fez, Marrakesh Spread Islam to West Africa

  ◦ ◦ ◦ Trade Salt for Gold Gold was widely available in Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal Trade 1 pound of salt for 1 pound of gold Prosperous trade led to development of cities and kingdoms

   Time: 800 AD 1050 AD Where: Convergence of Niger and Senegal Rivers (Present Day Mali) AKA: “Land of Gold”

11.3

     Time: 300 BC – 600 AD Where: South East of Nubia, Present day Ethiopia to Eritrea Who: descendants of African farmers and people from the Middle East who brought Jewish traditions Language: Geez Wealth: Trade Network connecting Africa, India & Mediterranean Religion: Christianity in 300s Isolated in the 600s by the spread of Islam

    Trading centers were set up under the protection of local African Rulers Trade with Asia and Indonesia brought cultural diversity Trade made independent city-states strong and successful Most city-states competed for trade, but relations were peaceful

11.4

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Basic unit of society Nuclear family  Parents and children living and working together Extended family  Include parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. Patrilineal  Kinship ties pass through the Father’s side Matrilineal    Kinship ties passed through the Mother’s side Lineage Group of households who claim a common ancestor Combine several to form a clan

     ◦ Smaller societies shared power Usually a chief, or village elders Women sometimes took the dominant role in the marketplace Consensus was often used to make decisions ◦ ◦ ◦ In kingdoms all the villages had to obey rules made at far away courts ◦ ◦ Taxes Provide soldiers Limited Power King with appointed chiefs No standing army Elected

   Complex religions with many gods/ goddesses Try to influence nature spirits with rituals and ceremonies ◦ Creator Ruler of the universe, helped by lesser spirits closer to earth

  Much of African history was recorded in Arabic and gathered in cities like Timbuktu ◦ ◦ Griots Professional story tellers Sundiata Epic

Turbulent Centuries in Africa

      Built small forts to collect food and water and to repair ships Established trading posts Left enough men to defend their forts Attacked East African cities and kicked out Arabs Stayed near coasts No strong lasting legacy

   ◦ 1500’s the relationship shifted again Slaves became the most important part of African trade Portugal quickly joined the slave trade and other Europeans followed ◦ Plantations ◦ Servants Relied on Africans to supply slaves

 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Affonso I Ruler of Kongo Tortured by Christian missionaries as a young man Asked for help from the Portuguese to develop a modern Christian nation Portuguese took advantage and were more interested in buying slaves

   ◦ ◦ ◦ States disappeared Asante capitalized on the trade ◦ ◦ Osei Tutu united his people and monopolized the gold and slave trade Increased competition between Europeans to build powerful kingdom Oyo Empire Yoruba people of Nigeria Large military Conquered neighbors

   British, Dutch, French established permanent settlements in 1600s ◦ ◦ ◦ Cape Town 1652 1 st permanent settlement Southern Tip of Africa Boers –Dutch farmers  Believed they were the chosen of God  Killed & enslaved native Africans Late 1700s interest in the Nile River causes exploration to explode

24.2

  Islamic Influence in North Africa, West Africa and East Africa remained (minus the ports and colonies set up by Europeans) Southern Africa Zulu ruled and conquered lands spreading displaced people and eventually contacting Boers

   European nations outlawed the slave trade in the early 1800s British resettled freed slaves in Sierra Leone Liberia was used by the United States

   ◦ Explorers begin to venture into the interior of Africa Mapped major rivers ◦ ◦ Missionaries followed explorers Built schools, medical clinics, and churches Paternalistic view ◦ Dr. David Livingstone Traveled Africa for 30 years writing about the people he met

  ◦ King Leopold II Civilizing Mission in the Congo ◦ ◦ Berlin Conference Divided up Africa into European colonies 20 years later nearly the entire continent had been partitioned

27.2

  ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Africans were forced to work difficult jobs and often their wages went to pay taxes to colonial governments Kenya Forced off the best land Carry ID cards Restricted living space Tax

   Many Africans fought in WWI Western Educated Africans criticize Imperialism Protests and opposition grew

       System of racial segregation to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy Restricted better paying mining jobs to whites ID Cards Live on Reserves No voting rights 1948 Apartheid became law ANC-formed by African’s demanding rights

     Emphasized the unity of Africans “Africa for Africans” Red-blood that unites all Africans Black-skin color Green- Rich land of Africa