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Bluetooth Introduction
Guoxin Zheng
School of Communication
and Information Engineering
Shanghai University
Architecture Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overview
Technically
Topology
Radio/Baseband
Protocol stack
Modules&Silicon
Development Kits
Qualification
World Penetration
All (SP,GER, UK, FRA, ITA) % Distribution by Price segment of Total Sales Volume*
(units)
Industry Forecast in million phones
100%
400
80%
36
36
58
60%
Replacement
22
40%
20%
0%
42
61
67
82
73
75
70
17
10
16
9
20
37
28
21
23
21
16
24
9
11
7
10
100
Source: Ericsson official forecast 2003
1995
*70% of total sales volume Source: GFK retailer panel
Market Penetration 1997 & 1998 (est.)
60%
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
50%
Add. 98
40%
1997
30%
20%
10%
Source;
Ericsson
India
Rus s
ia
a
e s ia
Indon
Brazi
l
Chin
Latvi
a
Afr ic
a
Thaila
nd
Polan
d
South
an
ntina
Taiw
Arge
rland
s
M alay
s ia
Ne th
e
y
ia
Es ton
Spain
Ge rm
an
Rico
Fr ance
Pue rt
o
a
Gre e
ce
Canad
UK
Kuw ai
t
rland
State
s
Sw itze
Unite
d
alia
Italy
Aus tr
n
Japan
ar k
Sw e d
e
De nm
Finla
nd
0%
Phones
Smart Phones
Entry
Mid
High
Forecast Worldwide Sales 2005
1000
900
Million units
800
700
cameras & misc.
portable computers
and PDA’s
mobile accessories
Internet
connection device
printers
CD-player
TV/VCR/DVD
600
500
400
Remote control
mobile phones
desktop
accessories
telephone
answering devices
300
200
cordless phones
100
desktop PCs
Mobile devices
Desktop devices
Consumer electronics
Source: IDC, Strategy Analytics, Ericsson, Silver Institute
The Future?
• Mobile phones is by far the largest segment within Mobile Devices
– 250 million mobile phones will be sold year 2000
– 630 million mobile phones will be sold year 2005
• Desktop PCs is the largest segment in Desktop Devices
– 80 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2000
– 140 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2005
• Cordless phones is the largest segment in Consumer Electronics Devices
– 150 million cordless phones will be sold year 2000
– 350 million cordless phones will be sold year 2005
What does Bluetooth do for you?
Landline
Cable
Replacement
Data/Voice
Access
Points
“Usage
Models”
Personal Ad-hoc
Networks
“Design a radio to replace the
cable and its connectors…”
• Design Goals
– Small implementation size
– Low implementation cost
– Low power consumption
– Secure and robust for open ISM band
• Challenges
– Fast frequency hopping
– Single chip integration
Global Operation
Industrial - Scientific - Medical
80 MHz at 2.45 GHz
Globally available
Unlicensed and free to use
Unprecedented Cross Industry Commitment
• Special Interest Group
– Ericsson, IBM, Intel,
Nokia and Toshiba
• And today there are more
than 2000 Bluetooth
adopters...
Technically Speaking . . .
Bluetooth Radio
• Small Size
– 0.5 square inches in production
– Eventually moving to a single chip solution
• Low power
– 2.7V (1.62 - 2.75V)
Bluetooth Link Controller
Bluetooth
– 300 A standby, 30 A in sleep, 60 A
hold/park
– 3 - 30 mA when transmitting
– 1 or 100 mW active power
Bluetooth Module
• Low Price
– $25 projected to come down to around $5
OEM integration cost
• Designed for CMOS single chip solution
Technical Features
• 2.4 GHz ISM Open band
– Globally free available frequency, 89 MHz of spectrum available
– FFH/DS Hybrid Radio
• 10 -100 m range, personal bubble
– 8 active devices per piconet (share datarate)
– Up to 10 piconets in bubble (full datarate)
• 1 Mbps gross rate
– Future version: 2 Mbps
• Simultaneous voice/data capable
–
–
–
–
432 Kbps (full duplex), 721/56 Kbps (asymmetric)
or
3 simultaneous full duplex voice per piconet (CVSD@64 Kbps).
or a combination of data and voice
Battery Life Time
• Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery and internal amplifier,
power will vary with implementation and application
• Low power consumption
– Standby current 0.3 mA
•
> 3 months
– Voice mode 10 mA (one voice channel)
•
> 60 hours
– Data mode average 6 mA (20% utilization)
•
> 100 hours
• Low Power Architecture
– Programmable data length (else radio sleeps)
– Hold and Park modes 60 µA
• Devices connected but not participating
• Device can participate within 2 ms
Robust Data and Voice Transfer
• Bluetooth is designed to be robust
• Open band interference is negotiated by:
– 1600 frequency hops/s
– Short and flexible data packets
– Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)
– Forward Error Correction (FEC)
– 16 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check
– Speech coding:
• Continuos Variable Slope Delta modulation (CVSD)
Bluetooth Scalable Security
• Provides link layer security between any two Bluetooth radios
• Authentication (E1 algorithm)
– Challenge/Response system
• Encryption (privacy)
– Encrypts data between two devices
– Stream cipher with E0 algorithm
• Key management and usage
– Configurable Encryption key length (0-16 bytes)
• Government export regulations
• Radio negotiate key size
– Key generation with E2-E3 algorithms
• Authentication and Encryption keys
Topology
• Radio range has two varieties
• Short range (10 meters or less)
– 0 dBm radio, 1mW
– Optimized for short range devices
• Headset, Mouse, Keyboard, etc. ...
• Longer range (100 meters or less)
– 20 dBm radio, 100 mW
– Module has a power amplifier built-in
– Optimized for devices changing environments
• Notebooks, cellphones, access points, etc. …
Topology
• Radio/Baseband
– Master/Slave medium access
– Radio/Baseband is symmetric
– Connected devices can be master or
slave
– Could be master and slave
concurrently
Topology
• Piconet
– All devices in a piconet hop
together
– Frequency hopping sequence is
determined by the masters ID
– Phase of the frequency hopping
sequence is determined by the
masters clock
Topology
• Piconet
– Point to Point
– Point to Multipoint
– No base station is needed
– 8 concurrent devices
– More than 200 active devices
– 1 Mb/s gross rate
Topology
• Scatternet
– Devices can share piconets
– Interpiconet communication
– Instant Ad-hoc connections
– 10 Piconets
– Aggregated 10 Mb/s
Topology
• Mobile Topology
– All device are mobile
– Walknet:
– The whole piconet cell is mobile
– Make and Brake Connections
Topology, Scatternet
slave 1
slave 3
slave 4
master
master
slave 2
slave 5
Frequency Hopping
MHz
2480
2479
2478
2477
2476
2475
78
77
76
75
74
73
2408
2407
2406
2405
2404
2403
2402
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Master
Master
Master
Master
Master
A1
A2
B1
B3
A3
B2
A4
Frequency Density
5
7
2400 Mz
4
6
2
3
1
2483.5 Mz
Connection Procedure
• Standby
– Waiting to join a piconet
Unconnected
Standby
tac
h
• Inquire
Ttypical=2s
De
– Finding devices
• Page
Standby
Connecting
States
Inquiry
Page
– Connect to a known device
• Connected
– Actively on a piconet (master
or slave)
Ttypical=0.6s
Active
States
Connected
AMA
Ttypical=2 ms
• Park/Hold
– Low Power connected states
Transmit
data
AMA
Low Power
States
Releases
AMA
Address
PARK
PMA
Ttypical=2 ms
HOLD
AMA
Page and Inquire Scans
Sleep
Ttypical=11 ms
18 slots
Ttypical=11 ms
18 slots
Page Scan
Page Scan
Ttypical=1.25
Connected
Ttypical=1.25
Inquire
Scan
Standby
Ttypical=11 ms
18 slots
Inquire
Scan
Connected
Ttypical=11 ms
18 slots
• A radio must be enabled to accept pages or inquires (also in
connected state)
vCard
Basic
Audio
HID
RFComm
Adapted
Obex
Control
Still Image
vCal
WAP
TCP/IP
Provided
L2CAP
HCI
Link Man.
Baseband
Radio
Application Framework
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Ericsson Bluetooth Core
Functional Partitioning
SRAM
CPU
BASEBAND
RADIO
Link
Manager
Link
Control
RF
Section
Flash
Host
Interface
Radio Module





Filters and baluns integrated into LTCC substrate
RF IC flip chip mounted
Laser trimming used to optimize performance
100mW optional version with PA and Optional Gain Control (- 30 to +20 dBm)
Small outline BGA type package
– 1mW: 10.2 x 14 x 1.6 mm
– 100mW: 10.2 x 16 x 1.6 mm
LP
filter
RF IC
VCOtank
RXbalun
TXbalun
Control &data
Antenna
Switch
Switch
PA
Filter
First Complete Module
Host interface
USB
UART/PCM
Flash
Link
Controller
Radio
Antenna
(Optional)
PA
First Complete Module
Key Features
• FCC type approved
• Interface through USB, UART or PCM
• Bluetooth 1.0 pre-certified
• USB 1.1 compliant (Voice and Data)
• Small size, 33x17x3.36 mm
• Generic SW (HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM)
Complete Module SW-stack
Higher Layers
L2CAP
Bluetooth host
Bluetooth
complete
module
HCI
HCI
Link Manager
BaseBand
Radio
Ericsson
Bluetooth
Core
What is the Developer’s Kit?
• Demonstrator of Bluetooth technology
• Starter kit for product development
• Application software development platform
• Increase integration with option to do embedded SW
Win 98 PC
Serial
Interface
Bluetooth
Ÿ Radio
Ÿ Baseband
Ÿ Firmw are
Bluetooth Developer Kit
Hardware
Bluetooth
Ÿ Radio
Ÿ Baseband
Ÿ Firmw are
Qualification and Type Approval
Bluetooth Devices
Qualification Program
Bluetooth Identity
Regulatory Type Approval
&
Global Market
'License to sell'
Qualification Program - Concept
Product including
documentation and
declaration (ICS)
Authorized
Test houses
Accreditation
Bluetooth
Qualification
Body
Feedback
Test results
Manufacturer
Logo
approval
Bluetooth
Administrative
Instance
Authorize
Bluetooth Moves Fast...
Web sites for latest news
• www.bluetooth.com
• www.ericsson.se/bluetooth
• WWW.bluetoothinchina.com
END